Use of thermal analysis to predict the conditions for thermal explosion to occur: application to a Ce triethanolamine co
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Use of thermal analysis to predict the conditions for thermal explosion to occur: application to a Ce triethanolamine complex Imen Zghal1,2 · Jordi Farjas1 · Jaume Camps1 · D. Sánchez‑Rodríguez1,3 · Mohamed Dammak2 · Pere Roura‑Grabulosa1 Received: 3 October 2019 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract This contribution explores the capabilities of combined thermal analysis methods to predict the ignition condition for a thermal runaway event to occur in a system heated at a constant rate. In particular, for a Ce triethanolamine complex, thermogravimetry has been used to determine the kinetic parameters, while enthalpy, thermal conductivity and thermal capacity have been measured by means of DSC. Once these parameters are known, it is possible to predict the critical mass for different heating rates and crucible sizes. Besides, thermogravimetry allowed us to assess if thermal runaway occurred as well as to monitor its evolution. Good agreement between the predicted and the experimental critical masses has been observed. Keywords Thermal analysis · Thermal explosion · Combustion · Thermal runaway · Ignition condition
Introduction Predicting the occurrence of a thermal runaway, i.e., the formation of a combustion zone that propagates at high speed, is of utmost importance for a number of applications [1], such as evaluating the chemical risk and preventing ignition in chemical reactors or during the storage and transportation of hazardous materials [2–7], determining the conditions for pyrotechnic reactions to happen [8–10], determining munitions cook-off temperatures [11] and, in general, establishing the ignition conditions in chemical engineering processes [12, 13]. It is also important for intermetallic reactions and termites (metal–metal oxides mixtures) that are used in some pyrotechnic devices such as igniters [14]. Moreover, combustion synthesis is an efficient and costcompetitive processing technique that takes advantage of the heat evolved during the chemical reaction of precursor * Jordi Farjas [email protected] 1
Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Edif. P2, E‑17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
2
Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique, Faculté Des Sciences de Sfax, University of Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
3
Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790‑8577, Japan
substances to obtain materials that otherwise would require achieving high temperatures [15]. Indeed, combustion has become a very versatile route for the synthesis of intermetallic or oxide powders and compacts [15–20]. Combustion of bimetallic foils is used to join temperature-sensitive or dissimilar materials [21, 22]. More recently, combustion synthesis of functional oxides from precursor salts (nitrates or metal–organic precursors) has attracted much attention due to the growing interest in these materials [23]. Also, nanoscale oxides, metals, alloys and sulfides have been obtained from an aqueo
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