Use of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the United States
Veterinary pharmaceuticals are widely used in the United States for food-producing animals and for pet or companion animals The purpose of this chapter is to briefly familiarise the reader with the range of veterinary pharmaceuticals available for use in
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Use of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the United States R. A. Bloom
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Introduction Veterinary pharmaceuticals are widely used in the United States for food-producing animals and for pet or companion animals. The purpose of this chapter is to briefly familiarise the reader with the range of veterinary pharmaceuticals available for use in livestock species in the United States. These compounds include, but are not limited to, a variety of antibacterial and antimicrobial agents, reproductive aids, growth promoters, anthelmintics and antiparasiticides. Veterinary pharmaceuticals are administered at therapeutic levels for disease treatment and prevention purposes and for increased milk production. Administration at nontherapeutic levels is usually for disease prophylaxis, growth promotion, and increased feed efficiency. Veterinary pharmaceuticals or as more commonly termed in the US, veterinary drugs or animal drugs, may be loosely grouped into several classes. Antibiotics and antimicrobials are used to treat, control, and prevent diseases caused by microorganisms.Anthelmintic and antiparasiticide drugs are approved for the treatment and control of internal and external parasites. Production drugs are intended to increase the rate of weight gain, improve feed efficiency, or increase milk production. There are also drugs approved for reproductive management including drugs for estrus synchronisation, induction of estrus, and pregnancy maintenance. Drugs may be delivered to animals in a variety of methods including through feed or water, direct oral dosing, topical application, and by injection or implantation. 12.2
Regulation In the United States, the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM; online at http://www.fda.gov/ cvm) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the manufacture and distribution of animal drugs and food additives given to animals in accord with amendments made to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) in 1968. The regulated products include drugs and food additives for animals from which human foods are derived, as well as drugs for pet or companion animals. These products are available for use in millions of poultry, cattle, and swine; as well as in over one hundred million companion animals and minor animal species. Minor animal species include animals other than cattle, swine, chickens, turkeys, horses, dogs, and cats. As provided below, Title 21 Parts 520-584 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR 2003) lists approved animal drugs, food additives and related products and corresponding indications for use, dosage levels, and drug residue tolerances: K. Kümmerer (ed.), Pharmaceuticals in the Environment © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
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R.A.Bloom
Part 520: Oral dosage form new animal drugs. Part 522: Implantation or injectable dosage form new animal drugs. Part 524: Ophthalmic and topical dosage form new animal drugs. Part 526: Intramammary dosage forms. Part 529: Certain other dosage form new animal drugs. Part 556: Tolerances for residues o
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