Use of waste ferrochromium slag as aggregate in concrete
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Use of waste ferrochromium slag as aggregate in concrete Fatih Salihpasaoglu1 · Ozkan Sengul1 Received: 11 October 2019 / Accepted: 25 July 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Large amount of slag is obtained during the production of ferrochromium. This by-product has properties comparable to natural aggregates. However, almost all of the ferrochromium slag is landfilled. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ferrochromium slag aggregate on the mechanical properties and permeability of concrete. For this purpose, waste ferrochromium slag was used as aggregates in normal concretes and alkali-activated mixtures, with five different water/binder ratios. Concretes with limestone and Portland cement were produced as references. Mechanical properties of the concretes were determined. Chloride permeability and resistivity tests were performed. The results indicate that the strengths of the mixtures were similar to each other for given water/binder ratios. Rapid chloride permeabilities of the mixtures were close to each other, except for high water/binder ratios. Electrical resistivities of the mixtures were recorded. A strong relationship between electrical resistivity and chloride permeability was obtained. The results confirmed that the ferrochromium slag aggregates may be successfully used in concretes ranging from low-strength to higher strength classes. Keywords Waste · Aggregate · Ferrochromium slag · Mechanical properties · Rapid chloride permeability · Electrical resistivity
Introduction Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Cement, which is the binder in concrete, is produced in increasing quantities each year and the total production of cement around the world is estimated approximately 5 billion tons [1]. Manufacture of Portland cement is the third most energy-intensive production process and production of 1 ton of cement releases approximately 1 ton of C O2 greenhouse gas into the atmosphere [2]. If it is assumed that an average of 300 kg of cement is used to produce 1 m3 of concrete, it may be estimated that the amount of concrete production exceeds 15 billion m3 each year. By taking the total amount of concrete produced into account, the need for large quantities of aggregates may be better understood. Typically, 60–70% of the concrete volume is occupied by aggregates, Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01091-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ozkan Sengul [email protected] 1
Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
which corresponds to a weight of at least 1500 kg/m3. Based on this estimation, total aggregates used around the world each year can be calculated as 22.5 billion tons. Considering huge amounts of materials needed and the effects of this production on both local and global environment, it is clear that concrete production is not sustai
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