Using inverse modeling and hierarchical cluster analysis for hydrochemical characterization of springs and Talkhab River
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Using inverse modeling and hierarchical cluster analysis for hydrochemical characterization of springs and Talkhab River in Tang-Bijar oilfield, Iran Yasaman Rafighdoust 1,2 & Yoram Eckstein 2 & Reza Moussavi Harami 1 & Mohamad Hosein Mahmudy Gharaie 1 & Asadollah Mahboubi 1
Received: 15 February 2014 / Accepted: 10 September 2015 / Published online: 17 March 2016 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2016
Abstract Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and inverse modeling (PH REdox EQuilibrium (in C language) (PHREEQC)) were simultaneously useful approaches in interpreting surface water hydrochemistry within Talkhab River in the Tang-Bijar oilfield, Iran, where large uncertainties exist in the understanding of the water quality system. Qmode HCA applied to the data revealed three major surface water associations distinguished on the basis of the major causes of variation in the hydrochemistry. The three water groups were classified as upstream waters (group 1: Ca– SO4), intermediate waters (group 2: Ca–SO4–Cl), and downstream waters (group 3: Na–Cl). Geochemical reaction models were constructed using PHREEQC to establish the reactions associated with the different mineral phases through inverse modeling. The hydrochemical compositions of the water groups and the mass balance calculations indicate that the dominant processes and reactions responsible for the hydrochemical evolution in the system are (1) dissolution of evaporites, (2) precipitation of carbonate minerals, (3) silicate weathering reactions, (4) limited mixing with saline water, and (5) ion exchange.
Keywords Inverse modeling . PHREEQC . Hierarchical cluster analysis . Surface water . Hydrogeochemistry . Tang-bijar
* Yasaman Rafighdoust [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91775-1436, Iran
2
Present address: Department of Geology, Kent State University, 221 McGilvrey Hall, Kent, OH 44242, USA
Introduction Surface waters have attracted widespread attention for their chemical compositions, especially in the environmental media published in developed countries. This attention in part is due to the high visibility and extensive public usage of surface waters, as well as to their historical use as waste receptors (Hemond et al. 2000). Variation in water chemistry is mainly a function of water–rock interaction through the flow path; therefore, hydrogeochemical processes, including dissolution, precipitation, ion exchange, sorption, and desorption along the flow path control variations in the chemical composition of water (Apodaca et al. 2002). In general, water quality assessment is mostly based on hydrochemical analysis (Zhang et al. 2012). In many arid and semi-arid regions, local rural population uses any available sources of meager water resources to sustain their demands. In many cases, water may be taken from streams and springs without any quality control, resulting often in a gradual, but considerable ingestion of toxins by the local popu
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