Using Tagged MRI to Quantify the 3D Deformation of a Cadaver Brain in Response to Angular Acceleration
A quantitative three-dimensional (3D) description of the deformation of brain tissue during acceleration of the skull is necessary to provide understanding of the underlying mechanisms of traumatic brain injury. Tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) all
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Abstract A quantitative three-dimensional (3D) description of the deformation of brain tissue during acceleration of the skull is necessary to provide understanding of the underlying mechanisms of traumatic brain injury. Tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the noninvasive measurement of the deformation of biological tissue. In this study, tagged MRI with harmonic phase (HARP) analysis was used to quantify the 3D deformation during angular acceleration of a gelatin phantom and the head of a human cadaver specimen. Two-dimensional results from the gelatin phantom showed good agreement with previously published results. Two-dimensional strains in the cadaver brain were lower in magnitude than previously reported results from a similar experiment in the live human brain. Strains on the inferior–superior axis were measured and shown to be of similar magnitude to the strain components in the plane formed by the anterior–posterior and left–right axes. Future studies will involve the acquisition of 3D deformation fields in live humans and additional cadaver specimens.
A.K. Knutsen () • W.T. Wang • J.E. McEntee • D.L. Pham Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. Zhuo • R. Gullapalli Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA J.L. Prince Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA P.V. Bayly Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, USA J.B. Butman Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA A. Wittek et al. (eds.), Computational Biomechanics for Medicine: Models, Algorithms and Implementation, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6351-1 15, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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1 Introduction Traumatic brain injury, a serious health concern that affects approximately 1.4 million people per year in the USA [1], occurs in response to the rapid, nonrigid deformation of brain tissue. However, the deformation of the brain in response to specific loading conditions is poorly understood. Previous studies have quantified brain deformation under acceleration by performing craniotomies on primates [2–4] and have used high speed X-ray to image implanted opaque radiotracers in dogs, primates, and cadavers [5–8]. Such studies involve invasive procedures and provide low spatial resolution of displacements and strain. Computational simulations have also been used to analyze loading conditions that would otherwise be difficult to examine experimentally [9–13]. Computational models must be validated using experimental results to ensure accuracy of the model under known conditions. In general, models are validated by experiments conducted using cadaver specimens. However, the quantitative relationship between the brain response to acceleration in live and post mortem tissue is largely unkn
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