Utility of deep learning networks for the generation of artificial cardiac magnetic resonance images in congenital heart
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Utility of deep learning networks for the generation of artificial cardiac magnetic resonance images in congenital heart disease Gerhard-Paul Diller1,2*, Julius Vahle1, Robert Radke1, Maria Luisa Benesch Vidal1, Alicia Jeanette Fischer1, Ulrike M. M. Bauer2,3, Samir Sarikouch4, Felix Berger5,6, Philipp Beerbaum7, Helmut Baumgartner1, Stefan Orwat1 and for the German Competence Network for Congenital Heart Defects Investigators
Abstract Background: Deep learning algorithms are increasingly used for automatic medical imaging analysis and cardiac chamber segmentation. Especially in congenital heart disease, obtaining a sufficient number of training images and data anonymity issues remain of concern. Methods: Progressive generative adversarial networks (PG-GAN) were trained on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) frames from a nationwide prospective study to generate synthetic MRI frames. These synthetic frames were subsequently used to train segmentation networks (U-Net) and the quality of the synthetic training images, as well as the performance of the segmentation network was compared to U-Net-based solutions trained entirely on patient data. Results: Cardiac MRI data from 303 patients with Tetralogy of Fallot were used for PG-GAN training. Using this model, we generated 100,000 synthetic images with a resolution of 256 × 256 pixels in 4-chamber and 2-chamber views. All synthetic samples were classified as anatomically plausible by human observers. The segmentation performance of the U-Net trained on data from 42 separate patients was statistically significantly better compared to the PG-GAN based training in an external dataset of 50 patients, however, the actual difference in segmentation quality was negligible (< 1% in absolute terms for all models). Conclusion: We demonstrate the utility of PG-GANs for generating large amounts of realistically looking cardiac MRI images even in rare cardiac conditions. The generated images are not subject to data anonymity and privacy concerns and can be shared freely between institutions. Training supervised deep learning segmentation networks on this synthetic data yielded similar results compared to direct training on original patient data.
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Cardiology III – Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, Muenster, Germany 2 Competence Network for Congenital Heart Defects, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in
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