Utilization of Portland cement with limestone powder and cement kiln dust for stabilization/solidification of oil-contam
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Utilization of Portland cement with limestone powder and cement kiln dust for stabilization/solidification of oil-contaminated marl soil Yassir M. H. Mustafa 1 & Omar S. Baghabra Al-Amoudi 1 & Shamsad Ahmad 1 & Mohammed Maslehuddin 2 & Muhammad H. Al-Malack 1 Received: 29 April 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is a technique that has been widely used to treat contaminated soils using several types of stabilizers, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In this research, marl soil that was collected from eastern Saudi Arabia was contaminated by either diesel or crude oil at different dosages (i.e., 2.5, 5, and 10% by the dry weight of the soil) and tested to assess its geotechnical and environmental properties. Thereafter, the contaminated soil was stabilized using OPC, limestone powder (LSP), and cement kiln dust (CKD) at different proportions. The contaminated-stabilized soils were evaluated by measuring the changes in their geotechnical properties, and both metal and hydrocarbon contents. Results of this investigation indicated that the S/S treatment of the contaminated soils enhanced the compaction characteristics with a significant improvement in the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) results, and all of S/S-treated mixtures were found to pass the strength criterion of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (i.e., 340 kPa after 28 days of curing). Moreover, The UCS results of the stabilized soils were compared to the minimum strength requirements for both paved and unpaved road materials (i.e., 1380 and 690 kPa, respectively). Finally, scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Xray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used to elucidate the changes in the microstructure of the stabilized soils. Keywords Marl . Contamination . Crude oil . Diesel . Microstructure . Stabilization/solidification
Introduction Each day, large amounts of oil products are being transported and delivered around the world, leading to many problems Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Yassir M. H. Mustafa [email protected] Omar S. Baghabra Al-Amoudi [email protected] Shamsad Ahmad [email protected] Mohammed Maslehuddin [email protected] Muhammad H. Al-Malack [email protected] 1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
2
Centre for Engineering Research, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
due to leakage and spillage of oil thereby contaminating both the soil and water systems. Such contaminants infiltrate the soil and spread under the effect of both gravity and capillary rise in the pores (Safehian et al. 2018). According to the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF) report (2018), about 5.74 million tonnes of oil were lost as a result of tanker accidents since 1970 to 2017. Howeve
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