Vaccine development in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a balancing act on accuracy and speed
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EDITORIAL
Vaccine development in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a balancing act on accuracy and speed Sergio Linares-Ferna´ndez1 • Peter Francis Raguindin2,3 Received: 21 April 2020 / Revised: 15 September 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 Ó Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+) 2020
Developing a safe and effective vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial to ending the COVID-19 pandemic. But even during a global public health crisis, precautions and careful measures are necessary to ensure that new vaccines are safe for the population (Hotez et al. 2020). Accelerated vaccine development is being guided and supported by regulatory agencies like the EMA and the FDA. The WHO has also released the target product profile (TPP) to guide the development of future vaccines. If the necessary safety and efficacy endpoints are met, the first licensed vaccine candidate should be available at the beginning of 2021. More than 320 different SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are in development on a variety of vaccination platforms (Le et al. 2020; LSHTM 2020). Ten of these are currently being tested for efficacy trials in several thousands of people in high incidence countries. Vaccine design has been hampered by the limited quality and quantity of immunological data on SARS-CoV2 (Vabret et al. 2020). Researchers must identify the
This Editorial is part of the series ‘‘Young Researcher Editorial,’’ a training project of the Swiss School of Public Health. & Sergio Linares-Ferna´ndez [email protected] Peter Francis Raguindin [email protected] 1
Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Inge´nierie The´rapeutique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universite´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
2
Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
3
Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Rm. 112 G/F National Institutes of Health Bldg., UP Manila, 623 Pedro Gil St. Ermita 1000 Manila, Philippines
immune correlates of protection and the durability of immune responses to create an effective vaccine. They need to determine also the risk–benefit ratio of vaccination in different populations (e.g., elderly immunocompromised person, recovered cases, and those as yet unexposed). Researchers working to accelerate SARS-CoV-2 vaccination development have inferred answers to many of these questions based on data from past coronavirus epidemics (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) that caused severe respiratory syndromes (Ahmed et al. 2020; Vabret et al. 2020). But it is tricky to determine the portion of the virus that should be included in vaccine formulations to balance efficacy and safety. The SARS-CoV spike protein, for example, is highly immunogenic, but it may increase antibody-dependent enhancement that might exacerbate lung disease in people re-exposed to the virus (Hotez et al. 2020; Iwasaki and Yang 2020). Resea
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