Validity and reliability of a driving simulator for evaluating the influence of medicinal drugs on driving performance
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ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Validity and reliability of a driving simulator for evaluating the influence of medicinal drugs on driving performance Mari Iwata 1 & Kunihiro Iwamoto 1 Masahiko Ando 3 & Norio Ozaki 1
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& Iwao Kitajima & Takasuke Nogi & Koichi Onishi & Yu Kajiyama & Izumi Nishino &
Received: 9 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Rationale Although driving simulators (DS) are receiving increasing attention due to concern over traffic accidents under the influences of drugs, few DS are recognized for their reliability and validity. Therefore, the development of an evaluation system using DS for driving performance is urgently needed. Objectives To investigate whether the standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP) increases with blood alcohol concentration (BAC) using a DS with reliability and calculate the SDLP threshold from the difference between BAC levels of 0 and 0.05%. Methods Twenty healthy Japanese men performed the DS tasks up to 60 min in Study 1 and DS tasks twice at 1-week intervals in Study 2. Twenty-six healthy men conducted the same DS tasks under BAC level (0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.09%) in double-blind, randomized, crossover trial in Study 3. The primary outcome was SDLP in a road-tracking test. The test–retest reliability of DS data was assessed, and the estimated difference in SDLP between BAC levels of 0 and 0.05% was calculated using a linear regression model. Results The cumulative SDLP values at 5-min intervals were stable, and the intraclass correlation coefficient for its values was 0.93. SDLP increased with BAC in a concentration-dependent manner. The predicted ΔSDLP value for the difference between BAC levels of 0 and 0.05% was 9.23 cm. No participants dropped out because of simulator sickness. Conclusions The new DS used in these studies has reliability, validity, and tolerability and is considered suitable for evaluating the influence of drugs on driving performance. Keywords Driving performance . Driving simulator . Validity . Reliability . SDLP . Alcohol . ALDH2
Introduction The annual decline in road traffic casualties observed in developed nations has stalled in recent years. For example, the number of fatal traffic accidents occurring in the USA each year remains at around 35,000 (Organization for Economic
Kunihiro Iwamoto Joint first authorship Mari Iwata and Kunihiro Iwamoto contributed equally to this paper * Kunihiro Iwamoto [email protected] 1
Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo 170-8633, Japan
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Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8560, Japan
Co-operation and Development 2020). In addition to their huge economic impact, traffic accidents are also known to diminish life prognosis and healthy living significantly (Chen et al. 2019); therefore, additional traffic safety measures ar
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