Variation in the photosynthetic activities of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea during formation of resting cysts
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Variation in the photosynthetic activities of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea during formation of resting cysts Yun Liu1,2,3 · Tiantian Chen1,2,3 · Xiaoting Wang4 · Shuqun Song1,2,3 · Caiwen Li1,2,3,5 Received: 30 June 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Resting cysts represent the dormant life stage produced by sexual reproduction of dinoflagellates; it generally maintain a limited level of metabolic activities. In the present study, changes in the photosynthetic apparatus of Akashiwo sanguinea during the encystment process in different nitrogen (N) conditions were characterized, and the transcriptional responses of nine photosynthesis genes were further evaluated. The photochemical efficiency decreased with elevation of N deprivation and growth of algae, and the resting cysts maintained limited photosynthetic activity. Meanwhile, the transcription of photosystem II genes (psbA and psbD) were down-regulated, especially the levels of the psbA gene, suggesting the inactivation of photosystem II under N limitation. Moreover, genes involved in cytochrome f (petA) and ATP synthase (atpA, atpB) were also transcribed at low levels in N-deprivation cultures. In contrast, the transcription of the RubisCO large subunit gene (rbcL) was up-regulated, indicating the maintenance of carbon fixation in N-limited conditions. The transcription levels of photosystem I genes (psaA and psaB) showed no significant correlation with the N condition. Further, most of the photosynthesis genes were down-regulated in the resting cysts, which was coincided with the inactive physiological status of the dormant stage. The results demonstrated that photosynthesis genes are differentially regulated in response to varying N conditions and life cycles. The findings will provide fundamental knowledge for better understanding the physiological characteristics and molecular regulation mechanisms in the developmental life cycle of marine dinoflagellates.
Introduction Responsible Editor: S. Shumway. Reviewed by Y. Wang. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-020-03774-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Caiwen Li [email protected]; [email protected] 1
CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
2
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
3
Center for Ocean Mega‑Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
4
College of Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
5
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
The resting cysts represent a dormant life stage of dinoflagellates that are mainly formed by sexual reproduction under stressful environmental conditions, such as nutrient limita
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