Various approaches for measurement of synaptic vesicle endocytosis at the central nerve terminal
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Online ISSN 1976-3786 Print ISSN 0253-6269
REVIEW
Various approaches for measurement of synaptic vesicle endocytosis at the central nerve terminal Yeonsun Jin1 • Kyoung Hee Seo1 • Hyun Myung Ko2 • Tae Woo Jung3 • Yoon Hee Chung4 • Jong Hyuk Lee5 • Hyun Ho Park1 • Hyoung-Chun Kim6 Ji Hoon Jeong7 • Sung Hoon Lee1
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Received: 20 January 2019 / Accepted: 16 May 2019 / Published online: 21 May 2019 The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2019
Abstract At the presynaptic terminal, neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles (SVs), which are released and recycled via exo- and endocytosis. SV endocytosis is crucial for sustaining synaptic transmission by maintaining the SV pool. Many studies have shown that presynaptic dysfunction, particularly impairment of SV endocytosis, is related to neurological disorders. Notably, the presynaptic terminal is considered to be a sensitive structure because certain presynaptic dysfunctions, manifested as impaired SV endocytosis or ultrastructural changes in the presynaptic terminal, can be observed before there is a biochemical or pathological evidence of a neurological disorder. Therefore, monitoring and assessing the presynaptic function by SV endocytosis facilitates the development of early markers for neurological disorders. In this & Sung Hoon Lee [email protected] 1
College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Woosuk University, Jincheon 27841, Republic of Korea
3
Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
4
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
5
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life and Health Science, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
6
Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
7
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, ChungAng University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
study, we reviewed the current methods for assessing and visualizing SV endocytosis at the central nerve terminal. Keywords Presynaptic terminal Synaptic vesicle Endocytosis Method Central nerve terminal
Introduction At the presynaptic terminal, synaptic vesicles (SVs) store neurotransmitters and fuse with the synaptic membrane after an electrical stimulus to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. During neuronal stimulation, the used SVs are consumed. Considering the distance of the presynaptic terminal from the soma, de novo synthesis of SVs in the nucleus and transport to the axon terminal is not sufficient to compensate for their consumption. Instead, released SVs are recycled at nearby fusion sites by endocytosis, during or after neuronal stimulation, to prevent depletion of releasable SVs and to maintain synaptic transmission. Initially, local SV recycling was suggested with ultrastructural studies; however, it was not determined whet
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