Vascular Surgery

Gregory D. Skalkeas Professor Emeritus, Academician, President of the Foundation of Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens Vascular surgery has acquired a well-established identity throughout the Eu- pean Union, where vascular diseases are still the

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Vascular Surgery C. D. Liapis Chief Editor K. Balzer, F. Benedetti-Valentini, J. Fernandes e Fernandes Editors

Editors

C. D. Liapis, K. Balzer, F. Benedetti-Valentini, J. Fernandes e Fernandes

Vascular Surgery With 385 Figures and 58 Tables

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Series Editors

Volume Editors

Wolfgang Arnold, MD HNO und Poliklinik Klinikum rechts der Isar München Germany

Christos D. Liapis, MD, FACS, FRCS Department of Vascular Surgery Athens University Medical School Attikon University Hospital Athens Greece

Uwe Ganzer, MD HNO und Poliklinik Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Germany

Klaus Balzer, MD Division of Vascular Surgery Evangelisches Krankenhaus Mülheim Germany Fabrizio Benedetti-Valentini, MD Department of Vascular Surgery University of Rome „La Sapienza“ Rome Italy José Fernandes e Fernandes, MD, PhD Chief of Service Department of Vascular Surgery Hospital Santa Maria and Faculty of Medicine Director Instituto Cardiovascular de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal

ISBN-10 3-540-30955-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-30955-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Library of Congress Control Number: 2006928312 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science + Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007

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Acknowledgements

When the invitation came from Springer-Verlag to produce this first European manual of vascular surgery, it was accepted enthusiastically by the editors, albeit with some trepidation concerning the demands of such a venture. This concern was due to the diverse nature of the vascular system, which covers every part of the human body; therefore, diseases of the vascular system affect all organs and all parts of the