Vault RNAs: hidden gems in RNA and protein regulation
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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
REVIEW
Vault RNAs: hidden gems in RNA and protein regulation Jens Claus Hahne1,2 · Andrea Lampis1,2 · Nicola Valeri1,2,3 Received: 16 June 2020 / Revised: 27 September 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Non-coding RNAs are important regulators of differentiation during embryogenesis as well as key players in the fine-tuning of transcription and furthermore, they control the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs under physiological conditions. Deregulated expression of non-coding RNAs is often identified as one major contribution in a number of pathological conditions. Non-coding RNAs are a heterogenous group of RNAs and they represent the majority of nuclear transcripts in eukaryotes. An evolutionary highly conserved sub-group of non-coding RNAs is represented by vault RNAs, named since firstly discovered as component of the largest known ribonucleoprotein complexes called “vault”. Although they have been initially described 30 years ago, vault RNAs are largely unknown and their molecular role is still under investigation. In this review we will summarize the known functions of vault RNAs and their involvement in cellular mechanisms. Keywords Vault RNA · Non-coding RNAs · Vault ribonucleoprotein complex
Introduction Non-coding RNAs represent the vast majority of transcriptional product of the human genome [1, 2]. The family of non-coding RNAs is composed of 19 different classes; among them transfer RNAs (tRNAs), tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs), sno-derived RNAs (sdRNAs), transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs), miRNA-offset-RNAs (moRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), vault RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), extracellular RNAs (exRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small Cajal body RNAs (scaRNAs), transcribed-ultraconserved regions (t-UCRs), long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs
Jens Claus Hahne and Andrea Lampis contributed equally. * Jens Claus Hahne [email protected] 1
Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
2
Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
3
Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
(lncRNAs) [3–25]. The role and function of tRNAs, rRNAs, microRNAs and lncRNAs, in particular, have been well examined both under physiological and pathological conditions [26]. In general, non-coding RNAs control all levels of genes’ regulation in eukaryotes, including the control of chromosome dynamics, splicing, RNA editing, translational inhibition and mRNA degradation [26]. Even transcription itself may be regulated by non-coding RNAs as outlined in several reports [27–29]. This is achieved on one hand, by control of chromosome dynamics and modifications and on the other hand, by regulation of RNA polymerase II activity. Therefore, non
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