Vehicle Engines
Internal combustion engines use fossil fuels. They determine the typical construction of transportation means by transforming the chemical energy in fuel into mechanical power. The principle is common in vehicles, airplanes, ships, and portable machines.
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Vehicle Engines
Internal combustion engines use fossil fuels. They determine the typical construction of transportation means by transforming the chemical energy in fuel into mechanical power. The principle is common in vehicles, airplanes, ships and portable machines (see Table 9.1) [1]. In construction machines and tractors, internal combustion engines are advantageous since they can provide a high power-to-weight ratio usually with excellent fuel energy density. Gas turbines are used where very high power is required, such as in generators in the energy industry, in jet engines of airplanes and in the auxiliary equipment of ships. Performance standards and requirements for internal combustion engines have intensively increased over the last decades (see Fig. 9.1).
9.1 Principles of Operation There are three basic operation principles of engine systems: • Internal combustion engine: – Two-stroke cycle with one up and one down movement for every power stroke [2] – Four-stroke cycle with two up-down-up-down movements for every power stroke [3] • Rotary engine, e.g. Wankel engine [4] • Continuous combustion engine which operates with the Brayton cycle [5] – Gas turbine, e.g. in jet engines, including turbojets, turbofans, turboprops, prop fans, ramjets, rockets, etc. They operate without separate phases, instead perform them simultaneously.
M. Palocz-Andresen, Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-11976-7_9, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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9 Vehicle Engines
Table 9.1 System of combustion engines Kind of procedure Open procedure Internal combustion Combustion gas equals to working medium
Kind of combustion Ignition Kind of engine Engine Turbine Kind of mixture
Closed procedure External combustion Combustion gas does not equal to working medium Continuous combustion
Cyclic combustion Self ignition Spark ignition Diesel Hybrid Otto Rohr Stirling Steam – – – Gas Hot air Steam Heterogenic Homogenic Heterogenic (in continuous flame) fuel and emission management
construction of a “green product“
extension of preventive inspection and maintenance measures
micro sensors and actuators
engine data transmission to a central control
on-board monitoring
high level of safety
on-board diagnosis
Fig. 9.1 Requirements for engine systems
gasoline
engines fuel
diesel
combustion engine
electric engine
gas CNG
spark ignition
self ignition
LNG
leadacid
nickelcadmium
lithiumion
hybrid engine LPG full
mild
plug in
Fig. 9.2 Basic technical variants of engines
. Besides combustion engines, more and more electric engines are being used in transportation. Figure 9.2 shows the technical variants of the basic principle of operation [6]. The most important vehicle types in transportation, depending on engine type, are: • Combustion engine vehicles (CEV); • Plug-in hybrid engine vehicles which are the combination of a CE and a battery or a fuel cell driven electric engine (EE);
9.1 Principles of Operation
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