Vehicle inspection policy and emission analysis in Kuwait
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Vehicle inspection policy and emission analysis in Kuwait Sharaf AlKheder . Fahad AlRukaibi . Ahmad Aiash
Received: 16 September 2019 / Accepted: 17 April 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Technical vehicle inspection centers are widespread in Kuwait. All vehicles should pass the test every 2 years if not older than 6 years or every 1 year for other vehicles. This study provided an insight into the data collected from test centers and the emission test utilized in Kuwait. Data were collected from test centers in the six Kuwaiti governorates. European standards were selected as limits for emission violations. Independent variables included the place of vehicle manufacture, vehicle’s age, and odometer reading. A multinomial logit model was used to identify the significant predictors and determine the correlation between dependent and independent variables. Artificial neural network was employed to compare prediction estimates of neural network and multinomial logit. The findings showed that the place of vehicle’s manufacture, vehicle’s age, and odometer reading were significant regarding violating emission standards of carbon monoxide (CO). Asian vehicles, vehicles with more than 150,000 km mileage, and vehicles older than 15 years had a higher probability
S. AlKheder (&) F. AlRukaibi A. Aiash Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13109 SAFAT, Kuwait, Kuwait e-mail: [email protected] F. AlRukaibi e-mail: [email protected] A. Aiash e-mail: [email protected]
of failing the CO test compared to the place of manufacture. In contrast, the odometer reading was the only significant indicator for vehicles that have failed the hydrocarbons test, especially for vehicles with 150,000 km odometer reading. The findings of this study can reduce air-pollution, time, and money by targeting the most polluting vehicles; thus, more efficient test can be performed. Keywords Technical inspection test CO HC Place of vehicle manufacture Vehicle’s age Odometer reading Multinomial logit Neural network Kuwait
Introduction Over the years, the number of vehicles on the road has been increasing and growing worldwide (Manufacturers I. O. o. M. V. 2018). With this growth and increase in the number of vehicles, many countries are facing environmental problems related to traffic emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), oxides of nitrogen (NOx ), particulate matter (PM10 ), and hydrocarbons (HC) or volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The emissions of CO and HC depend mainly on fuel consumption based on the distance traveled and the driving behavior (Tu et al. 2013). Few researches and studies had considered the impact of federal regulations and set regulations on air
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Environ Geochem Health
quality (Kahn 1994, 1996). One of these was done by economist MacAvoy in 1987. It was found that the influence of economic factors can undermine the effect of
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