Vertical Reference Systems IAG Symposium Cartagena, Colombia, Februa

The Symposium on Vertical Reference Systems (VeReS) was initiated on the occasion of the XXII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), Birmingham 1999, by Professor Dr. Wolfgang Torge, Past President of the Internation

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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

International Association of Geodesy Symposia Fernando Sans a, Series Editor Symposium 101: Global and Regional Geodynamics Symposium 102: Global Positioning System: An Overview Symposium 103: Gravity, Gradiometry, and Gravimetry Symposium 104: Sea SurfaceTopography and the Geoid Symposium 105: Earth Rotation and Coordinate Reference Frames Symposium 106: Determination of the Geoid: Present and Future Symposium 107: Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Surveying, and Remote Sensing Symposium 108: Application of Geodesy to Engineering Permanent Satellite Tracking Networks for Geodesy and Geodynamics 109: Symposium Symposium 110: From Mars to Greenland: Charting Gravity with Space and Airborne Instruments Symposium Ill: Recent Geodetic and Gravimetric Research in Latin America Symposium 112: Geodesy and Physics of the Earth: Geodetic Contributions to Geodynamics Symposium 113: Gravity and Geoid Symposium 114: Geodetic Theory Today Symposium 115: GPS Trends in Precise Terrestrial, Airborne, and Spaceborne Applications Symposium 116: Global Gravity Field and Ist Temporal Variations Symposium 117: Gravity, Geoid and Marine Geodesy Symposium 118: Advances in Positioning and Reference Frames Symposium 119: Geodesy on the Move an Integrated Global Geodetic Observation System (IGGOS) Towards 120: Symposium Beyond 2000: The Challenges of the First Decade Geodesy 121: Symposium Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy Hotine-Marussi IV 122: Symposium and Geodynamics 2000 Geoid Symposium 123: Gravity, Systems Reference Symposium 124: Vertical

Vertical Reference Systems IAG Symposium Cartagena, Colombia February 20-23, 2001

Edited by Hermann Drewes, Alan H. Dodson, Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes, Laura Sánchez, Pedro Sandoval

Springer

Volume Editors Professor Dr. Hermann Drewes Deutsches Geodatisches Forschungsinstitut Marstallplatz 8 80539 Miinchen, Germany

Dr. Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica Av. Brasil15671 Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil 21241-051

Professor Dr. Alan H. Dodson University of Nottingham Inst. Eng. Surv. Space Geodesy University Park Nottingham NG7 2 RD. UK

Laura Sanchez, Ing. Instituto Geografico Agustin Codazzi Carrera 30 No. 48-51 Bogota, Colombia

Series Editor

Pedro Sandoval, Ing. Instituto Geografico Agustin Codazzi Carrera 30 No. 48-51 Bogota, Colombia

Professor Fernando Sanso Polytechnic of Milan Department of Hydraulic, Environmental and Surveying Engineering Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milan, Italy

ISSN 0939-9585 ISBN 978-3-642-07701-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP Einheitsaufnahme Vertical reference systems I ed.: Hermann Drewes .... (International Association of Geodesy symposia ; Symposium vol. 124) ISBN 978-3-662-04683-8 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-642-07701-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-04683-8 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustratio