Voltammetry of immobilized particles for the future
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FEATURE ARTICLE
Voltammetry of immobilized particles for the future Antonio Doménech-Carbó 1 Received: 17 March 2020 / Revised: 17 March 2020 / Accepted: 17 March 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The voltammetry of immobilized particles is an electroanalytical technique yielding compositional, thermochemical, and even structural information on sparingly soluble solids put into contact with suitable electrolytes. Future developments can comprise the application of the technique to different research fields including from archaeometry to biomedical science, but also to electrosynthesis. Possible results on monocrystal electrochemistry and the record of single events at the nanoscopic scale are discussed. Keywords Voltammetry . Microparticles . Three-phase electrochemistry
The voltammetry of immobilized particles (VIMP), a solidstate electrochemical technique introduced in the late 1980s by Scholz et al. [1–4], has become an increasingly growing research field due to its inherently high sensitivity and the possibility of application to a variety of fields. Successive comprehensive reviews [5–9] have summarized the variety of materials able to be studied, the availability to acquire qualitative and quantitative information on the chemical and mineralogical composition of solids, and the access to thermochemical or, indirectly, structural data using VIMP. A first future projection of the technique, including particles, droplets, and vesicles, was advanced by Scholz in a special issue of J. Solid State Electrochem. published in 2011 [10]. Most of the suggestions for future developments are reproduced here limited to immobilized particles. One first aspect to consider in regard to future developments in the VIMP is its view as a particular case of threephase electrochemistry where there is coupled transfer of electrons and charge-balancing cations or anions through the base (inert) electrode/particle and particle/electrolyte interfaces. The above situation corresponds to the most developed theoretical model [11–14] whose paradigmatic example is the electrochemistry of Prussian blue [15]. Theoretical descriptions of other electrochemical processes involved in VIMP, in particular, those consisting of the reduction of metal salts to metal * Antonio Doménech-Carbó [email protected] 1
Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
deposits, would be matter of interest for the future. Theoretical developments around the capability of VIMP to estimate thermochemical properties of individual ions [9, 16] probably could be exploited. In fact, these developments can be applied to the studies on the electrochemistry of zeolites and aluminosilicates [17] and ion insertion (typically Li+ insertion) in materials for energy generation and storage [18]. Of course, studies on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) [19], electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at MoS2-modified electrodes [20], and other materials can take b
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