Voting Paradoxes and How to Deal with Them
Voting paradoxes are unpleasant surprises encountered in voting. Typically they suggest that something is wrong with the way in dividual opinions are being expressed or processed in voting. The outcomes are bizarre, unfair or otherwise implausible, given
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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Hannu Nurmi
Voting Paradoxes and How to Deal with Them
With 12 Figures and 64 Tables
Springer
Professor Hannu Nurmi University of Turku Department of Political Science Fin-20014 Turku Finland
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Voting paradoxes and how to deal with them: with 64 tables / Hannu Nurmi. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1999 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned , specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks . Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permiss ion for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are Iiable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. ISBN 978-3-662-03782-9 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-642-08551-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-03782-9 CI Springer-VerlagBerlin Heidelberg 1999 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1999. Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist edition 1999
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Hardcover-Design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg SPIN 10738184
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For Irmeli
Preface
Voting paradoxes are unpleasant surprises encountered in voting. Typically they suggest that something is wrong with the way individual opinions are being expressed or processed in voting. The outcomes are bizarre, unfair or otherwise implausible, given the expressed opinions of voters. Voting paradoxes have an important role in the history of social choice theory. The founding fathers of the theory, Marquis de Condorcet and Jean-Charles de Borda, were keenly aware of some of them. Indeed, much of the work of these and other forerunners of the modern social choice theory dealt with ways of avoiding paradoxes related to voting. One of the early paradoxes, viz. that bearing the name of Condorcet, has subsequently gained such a prominent place in the literature that it is sometimes called the paradox of voting. One of the aims of the present work is to show that Condorcet's is but one of many paradoxes of voting. Some of these are pretty closely interrelated making it meaningful to classify them. This is the second main aim of this book. The third objective is to suggest ways of dealing with paradoxes. Since voting is and has always been an essential instrument of democratic rule, it is of some interest to find out how voting paradoxes are being dealt with by past and present metho
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