Waste Animal Bone as a Novel Layered Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Transesterification of Biodiesel
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Waste Animal Bone as a Novel Layered Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Transesterification of Biodiesel Ch. Chingakham1 · Chandrasekhar Tiwary2 · V. Sajith1 Received: 20 November 2018 / Accepted: 29 January 2019 / Published online: 12 February 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract A novel layered heterogeneous catalyst of hydroxyapatite and phases of calcium phosphate was prepared by two step process from waste animal bone for the synthesis of biodiesel. In the two step method, calcination of the animal bone is followed by hydrothermal reaction, to obtain a heterogeneous catalyst with layered structure. The heterogeneous catalysts were characterized by dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, fourier transmission infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Brunauer-Emmer-Teller to understand the behaviour of the materials. The increase in the surface area of the catalyst synthesized by hydrothermal reaction is mainly due to the formation of the layered structure of the material. Biodiesel was prepared by the transesterification of honge oil and methanol, using the heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from raw dried animal bones, by calcination and hydrothermal reaction and yield was compared. The yield obtained for the calcined and hydrothermally treated samples were found to be 88% and 96% respectively. Higher yield was observed for catalyst synthesised by hydrothermal method as compared to that synthesized by calcination which is mainly due to enhanced surface area of the catalyst prepared through two step process. The performance of the catalyst was evaluated by comparing the biodiesel yield obtained. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was also done for the analysis of biodiesel. The layered heterogeneous catalyst synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of animal bones with better surface area, is an efficient catalyst for the transesterification of biodiesel, with better yield.
* V. Sajith [email protected] Ch. Chingakham [email protected] Chandrasekhar Tiwary [email protected] 1
School of Nano Science and Technology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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Waste Animal Bone as a Novel Layered Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Transesterification of…
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Graphical Abstract
Keywords Transesterification · Calcination · Hydrothermal · Waste animal bone
1 Introduction Currently various types of energy sources are being explored and utilized to meet the existing and future energy demand [1]. The green energies like solar, wind, tidal, biofuels etc. has to be utilized in an efficient way to solve the energy crisis all over the world [2–4]. The use of biodiesel from different sources is an attractive option to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and also the harmful exhaust emissions, as they can be directly blended with
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