Water Circulation in Rocks
Understanding water circulation in rocks represents a very important element to solving many of the problems linked with civil, environmental and mining engineering. This book offers a synthesis of the actual knowledge about the fluid flow in rocks: - fro
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Laura Scesi · Paola Gattinoni
Water Circulation in Rocks
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Laura Scesi Full Professor Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano Politecnico di Milano Dept. of Environmental, Hydraulic Infrastructures and Surveying Engineering Italy [email protected]
Paola Gattinoni Assistant Professor Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano Politecnico di Milano Dept. of Environmental, Hydraulic Infrastructures and Surveying Engineering Italy [email protected]
The Italian language edition of the book La circolazione idrica negli ammassi rocciosi was first published by Casa Editrice Ambrosiana in 2007.
ISBN 978-90-481-2416-9 e-ISBN 978-90-481-2417-6 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-2417-6 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009926836 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: Cover image © JupiterImages Corporation Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
1 Introduction to Water Circulation in Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 General Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Origin of Discontinuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Features of Discontinuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Degree of Fracturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 Persistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4 Aperture and Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5 Roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.6 Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.7 Moisture Conditions and Seepage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Graphical Representation of Discontinuities . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 Equal Areal Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 Equal Angle Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Basic Elements for Hydrogeological Conceptual Model Definition 1.5.1 The Work Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2 Elementary Representative Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.3 Changing of Fracturing Degree with Depth . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Probabilistic Generation of Discontinuity Network . . . . . . . .
1 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 10 12 12 13 14 16 19 21 22 23 24
2 Hydraulic Conductivity Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Deterministic Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Hydraulic Conductivity Along a Single Fracture . 2.2.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Along a Fracture System 2.2.
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