Water Structures and Climate Change Impact: a Review
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Water Structures and Climate Change Impact: a Review Zekâi Şen 1,2 Received: 11 May 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020/ # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract
Climate change impact started to play significant role since the last three decades almost in every aspects of life especially on meteorological and climatological events and their impacts on water resources, which are managed by engineering structures. Its effects on hydro-meteorological data are assessed by means of available methodologies, but the climate change impact of engineering water structures (dams, culverts, channels, wells, highways and their side drainages, levees, etc.) are not treated equally. This paper provides the review of the necessary adaptation, combat and mitigation activities against the climate change for protection, construction or augmentation of the engineering water structures design capacity. Additionally, land use practices and geomorphological changes also trigger the climate changes on the engineering water structures. The main aim of this paper is to present the impact of such changes on the engineering water structure capacity, operation and maintenance. Keywords Arid region . Climate change . Engineering . Risk . Structure . System . Water
1 Introduction Natural occurrence of water is through the meteorological events, its distribution is dependent on the atmospheric climatology and morphological features on the earth surface and the movement as well as accumulations are in rivers, streams, creeks, wadis or depressions in addition to the groundwater storages. Their service to societal activities needs engineering structures in the forms of canals, pipes, dams, reservoirs, weirs pools, levees, bends, groundwater wells, culverts, bridges, and alike. Initially, the water resources were only in the natural
* Zekâi Şen [email protected]; [email protected]
1
Engineering and Natural Sciences Faculty, Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz, 34815 Istanbul, Turkey
2
Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research / Department of Meteorology, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80234, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Şen Z.
structural forms of rivers, lakes, groundwater, rainwater, surface water, which did not need any special structural constructions for the service of water to men (Jiménez Cisneros et al. 2014). In modern times, there appeared various careers concerning with water resources management as water specialists, engineers, agriculturalists, meteorologists, hydrologists, hydraulic engineers and hydrogeologists (Kundzewicz et al. 2008). Now days, water resources are under the pressure of human societal activities on the one hand, and on the other, under the climate change and variability. Classical engineering structure planning and design methodologies must take into consideration the impacts of climate change for better mitigation adaptation and sustainability. Any societal development is based on the water resources system availability and adaptation to natural hazards (droughts and floods) and anthropogenically induced
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