Water use governance in a temperate region: Implications for agricultural climate change adaptation in the Northeastern
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REVIEW
Water use governance in a temperate region: Implications for agricultural climate change adaptation in the Northeastern United States Rachel E. Schattman
, Meredith T. Niles
, Hannah M. Aitken
Received: 18 June 2020 / Revised: 31 August 2020 / Accepted: 15 October 2020
Abstract Climate change and access to water are interrelated concerns for agriculture and other sectors, even in temperate regions. Governance approaches and regulatory frameworks determine who has access to water, for what purpose, and when. In the northeastern United States, water governance has historically been conducted by states through a combination of statutory guidance and common law. However, it is unclear what effect if current governance approaches will be sufficient for achieving resource conservation and equitable allocation in a changing climate. To provide insight into these issues, we conducted the first review of freshwater governance in the 12 states that comprise the U.S. Northeast. Specifically, we examine their heterogeneous approaches to surface and groundwater use, permitting and reporting, and scarcity provisions. Using agriculture as the sector of focus, we show through narrative review and quantitative analysis that change in the proportion of cropland that is irrigated in each state does not differ based on governance approach. We also suggest that future decades may bring regulatory shifts relevant to agriculture, changes in enforcement, increased competition between agriculture and other users, and greater potential competition between states for water resources. This case study raises the question: how should we prepare for the time when competition for, or degradation of, a resource surpasses the ability of existing governance mechanisms to ensure conservation and equitable distribution? Keywords Agriculture Climate change Groundwater Regulation Surface water Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01417-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
INTRODUCTION Freshwater resources are necessary for the long-term health and wellbeing of both human and ecological communities. However, supply and demand for are not always aligned, and the long-term ability to meet human water needs is a growing issue of concern (Tidwell et al. 2018). This is particularly true in agriculture, which is the largest user of water globally and accounts for two-thirds of water usage worldwide (Postel 2000). As the global population grows and demand for food increases, water use in agriculture has become a significant concern, even in historically water-rich and temperate regions. Agricultural water use is often a mix of surface and groundwater, depending on regional geography and climate. Global reliance on irrigation for crop production is increasing (Siebert et al. 2010). In many regions, tools for control of water resources have evolved from community-based systems to government management (Ostrom et al. 2003). Today, agricul
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