Waterlogging tolerance in maize: genetic and molecular basis
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Waterlogging tolerance in maize: genetic and molecular basis Kun Liang & Kaiyuan Tang & Tian Fang & Fazhan Qiu
Received: 8 September 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop around the world, but its growth and production can be severely limited by waterlogging. In response to waterlogging stress, elaborate regulatory mechanisms have evolved in maize under both natural and artificial selection. Some research efforts involving genetic, genomic, and molecular strategies have focused on waterlogging stress biology in maize. Waterlogging affects the morphology, anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of maize. The ability to improve waterlogging tolerance in maize breeding programs hinges on a detailed understanding of the genetic basis for waterlogging tolerance in some maize lines. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of this genetic basis. Keywords Genetic basis . Maize . QTL/genes . Waterlogging tolerance
Introduction Flooding is becoming more frequent world-wide and is among the most serious abiotic stresses for plants. Excess water hampers normal growth and severely This article is part of the Topical Collection on Maize Genetics, Genomics, and Sustainable Improvement. K. Liang : K. Tang : T. Fang : F. Qiu (*) National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China e-mail: [email protected]
damages crops (Bailey-Serres et al. 2012), including tobacco (Kramer 1951), barley (Mano and Takeda 2012), wheat (Trought and Drew 1980), and maize (Qiu et al. 2007), rice (Bailey-Serres et al. 2010). About 10% of the world’s arable land is affected by flooding, and this results in losses of more than 60 billion Euro annually (www.dartmouthcrops. edu/~floods/Archives/2005sum.htm). Flooding has become a major problem in Southeast Asia, Southern India, East Africa, Siberia, and northern regions of South America (Voesenek and Bailey-Serres 2015). The most lethal effect of flooding is a reduction in the amount of oxygen available to plant cells, because the solubility and diffusion rate of oxygen are extremely low in water (Voesenek and Bailey-Serres 2015). To cope with these limited oxygen conditions, plants show a variety of morphological and anatomical adaptations. Adventitious root formation is a key response to flooding in many crops, including rice (Lorbiecke and Sauter 1999), maize (Mano et al. 2005), soybean (Zhang et al. 2016), barley (Zhang et al. 2017), and cucumber (Qi et al. 2019). In rice, adventitious roots that emerge from stem nodes in response to flooding often develop aerenchyma connected to the shoot, which improves gas diffusivity along the root, and barriers to radial oxygen loss, which decrease oxygen leakage to the rhizosphere. On the other hand, deepwater rice escapes from submergence by increasing internode elongation (Hattori et al. 2009). Recently, the gas films that form on the hydrophobic surfaces of submerged rice leaves were shown to enhance photosynt
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