Waveguide-Type Multiplexer for Multiline Observation of Atmospheric Molecules using Millimeter-Wave Spectroradiometer
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Waveguide-Type Multiplexer for Multiline Observation of Atmospheric Molecules using Millimeter-Wave Spectroradiometer Taku Nakajima1 · Kohei Haratani1 · Akira Mizuno1 · Kazuji Suzuki1 · Takafumi Kojima2 · Yoshinori Uzawa2 · Shin’ichiro Asayama2 · Issei Watanabe3 Received: 16 April 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 / © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In order to better understand the variation mechanism of ozone abundance in the middle atmosphere, the simultaneous monitoring of ozone and other minor molecular species, which are related to ozone depletion, is the most fundamental and critical method. A waveguide-type multiplexer was developed for the expansion of the observation frequency range of a millimeter-wave spectroradiometer, for the simultaneous observation of multiple molecular spectral lines. The proposed multiplexer contains a cascaded four-stage sideband-separating filter circuit. The waveguide circuit was designed based on electromagnetic analysis, and the pass frequency bands of stages 1–4 were 243–251 GHz, 227–235 GHz, 197–205 GHz, and 181–189 GHz. The insertion and return losses of the multiplexer were measured using vector network analyzers, each observation band was well-defined, and the bandwidths were appropriately specified. Moreover, the receiver noise temperature and the image rejection ratio (IRR) using the superconducting mixer at 4 K were measured. As a result, the increase in receiver noise due to the multiplexer compared with that of only the mixer can be attributed to the transmission loss of the waveguide circuit in the multiplexer. The IRRs were higher than 25 dB at the center of each observation band. This indicates that a high and stable IRR performance can be achieved by the waveguide-type multiplexer for the separation of sideband signals. Keywords Millimeter wave · Waveguide circuit · Multiplexer · Atmospheric spectroradiometer Taku Nakajima
[email protected] 1
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
2
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
3
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
1 Introduction Ozone depletion has a significant impact on the atmospheric environment of the Earth and human health. To reveal and better understand the variation mechanism of ozone (O3 ) abundance in the middle atmosphere, the long-term monitoring of O3 and minor molecular species such as nitrogen oxide (NOx ), hydrogen oxide (HOx ), and chlorine (ClOx ), which are related to ozone depletion, is the most fundamental and critical method (e.g., [1]). There are various methods for the measurement of the abundance of minor molecules in the atmosphere, and monitoring is continuously carried out at many observation sites worldwide. For example, more than 70 remote-sensing research sta
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