Wearable and Wireless mHealth Technologies for Substance Use Disorder
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MOBILE HEALTH (K GARRISON, SECTION EDITOR)
Wearable and Wireless mHealth Technologies for Substance Use Disorder Charlotte Goldfine 1 & Jeffrey T. Lai 1 & Evan Lucey 1 & Mark Newcomb 1 & Stephanie Carreiro 1
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review The goal of this scoping review is to evaluate the advances in wearable and other wireless mobile health (mHealth) technologies in the treatment of substance use disorders. Recent Findings There are a variety of wireless technologies under investigation for the treatment of substance use disorder. Wearable sensors are the most commonly used technology. They can be used to decrease heavy substance use, mitigate factors related to relapse, and monitor for overdose. New technologies pose distinct advantages over traditional therapies by increasing geographic availability and continuously providing feedback and monitoring while remaining relatively non-invasive. Summary Wearable and novel technologies are important to the evolving landscape of substance use treatment. As technologies continue to develop and show efficacy, they should be incorporated into multifactorial treatment plans. Keywords Wearable sensor . Biosensor . mHealth . Substance use disorder
Introduction Substance use disorder (SUD) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. In 2018, approximately 20.3 million people in the USA reported having a SUD over the past year [1]. Over 67 thousand overdose-related deaths occurred nationwide in 2018, with roughly 128 people dying from an opioid overdose [2]. World Health Organization statistics implicate problematic alcohol consumption in three million deaths worldwide in 2016 alone [3]. In addition to increasing an individual’s mortality risk, substance use is associated with increased transmission of infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C [1]. The search for more efficacious treatment options for people who use drugs (PWUD) is increasingly important, as the prevalence and associated morbidity of SUD are climbing, and current treatment options are limited. A mere 8.1% of people with SUD in the USA receive treatment, which often This article is part of the Topical Collection on Mobile Health * Charlotte Goldfine [email protected] 1
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, 55 Lake Ave N, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
consists of a combination of medication and in-person programs at a rehabilitation center [4]. Financial and geographic barriers to access are common and contribute to this poor level of treatment access. While there are some medication-based options to help treat SUD, they are associated with several limitations and are most successful when combined with other forms of treatment options [5]. Digital diagnostics and therapeutics are emerging fields for the treatment of SUD, paralleling the rise of mobile technology use in society. Studies have found that approximately 82– 95% of people presenting to the emergency
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