Well-Being Trajectories Following Retirement: A Compensatory Role of Self-Enhancement Values in Disadvantaged Women
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Well‑Being Trajectories Following Retirement: A Compensatory Role of Self‑Enhancement Values in Disadvantaged Women Ewa Gruszczyńska1 · Aleksandra Kroemeke1 · Nina Knoll2 · Ralf Schwarzer2,3 · Lisa Marie Warner2,4
© The Author(s) 2019
Abstract The aim of the study was to explore the well-being trajectories of adaptation to retirement in relation to individual and cultural differences, with a particular focus on gender. The sample consisted of 596 retirees (330 German, 266 Polish, 59% female) assessed four times within 12 months. Subjective well-being was evaluated with a multivariate approach that accounted for satisfaction with life, depression and subjective health. As potential correlates of well-being trajectories, age- and context-relevant psychological resources were examined, specifically, generalized self-efficacy, meaning in life, autonomy, religiousness and Schwartz’s values. Latent class growth curve modelling revealed four trajectories per well-being domain. After cross-tabulation, two groups that constantly had the best and worst well-being profiles were identified. One group mainly comprised German men, and another mainly comprised Polish women, who additionally reported the least pronounced socioeconomic and psychological resources. The main predictors of group membership were self-enhancement values (power and achievement), which were higher for the worst well-being group. These values may compensate for a lack of relevant psychological and social resources. Further studies are needed to examine whether this effect is observable in other socially disadvantaged groups. Keywords Retirement · Self-enhancement · Women · Well-being · Latent class growth modeling
* Ewa Gruszczyńska [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Chodakowska Street 19/31, Room N314, 03‑815 Warsaw, Poland
2
Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
3
SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wrocław, Poland
4
MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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1 Introduction The world’s population is growing older and as women outlive men, they account for around 54% of the global population aged 60 years or over (United Nations 2015). However, a longer life does not mean a better life. After midlife, a gender gap in subjective wellbeing (SWB) becomes more pronounced and clearly favors one gender (Meisenberg and Woodley 2015; Senik et al. 2015). Accordingly, older women have significantly lower satisfaction with life (Pinquart and Sörensen 2000), higher depression (Barry et al. 2008) and worse subjective health (Crimmins et al. 2011). Complex mechanisms may explain these differences, and some of them have previously been recognized in the literature. SWB has been found to be associated with personality dispositions (Diener and Lucas 1999; Steel et al. 2008) and, to a smaller degree, with socioeconomic resources, such as income and education (Pinquart and Sörensen 2000). Since there are no significant g
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