Wetting Transition in a Molten Metal and Solid Substrate System in High Magnetic Fields
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A water droplet can roll freely in a spherical shape on a lotus leaf; however, it spreads to flatness on glass. This phenomenon indicates diverse wetting transitions in nature. The contact angle, which is the most-used wetting-transition characteristic parameter, can reflect different wetting transitions between liquid droplets and solid substrates. In general, contact angles that change from 0 to 90 deg indicate a wetting status, whereas, a contact angle from 90 to 180 deg reveals a non-wetting status. The pursuit of a better wetting status, namely a smaller contact angle, is of importance in many fields, YUBAO XIAO is with the Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, No. 11, Lane 3, WenHua Road, HePing District, Shenyang, 110819 Liaoning, P.R. China and also with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China. TIE LIU, GUOJIAN LI, and QIANG WANG are with the Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University. Contact e-mail: [email protected] ZHENGYANG LU is with the Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University and also with the School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China. SHUANG YUAN is with the School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University. NORIYUKI HIROTA is with the Fine Particle Engineering Group, National Institute for Materials Science, 3-13 Sakura, Tsukuba, Japan. ZHONGMING REN is with the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China. Manuscript submitted October 9, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
such as in metal-matrix composite manufacturing,[1] soldering,[2] electronic packaging,[3] and coating,[4] to regulate material performance. The wetting transition of molten metal that is in contact with a solid substrate has been the subject of intensive wettability investigations for over 100 years. The formation of a reaction layer at the solid-liquid interface allows for a classification of non-reactive and reactive wetting. For non-reactive wetting, changes in surface energy,[5] viscosity,[6] and substrate roughness[7] lead to different wetting transitions. For reactive wetting, the temperature,[8] wetting atmosphere,[9] and material composition[10] affect the flowing status in liquid droplets,[11] solid-liquid interface behaviors,[12] and the reaction extent[13] to trigger a variation in wetting transition. Because of the effect of many factors, there is no comprehensive understanding of the wetting-transition mechanisms. Furthermore, wetting-transition theory is varied because of a wide variety of different material attributes that induce distinct wetting transitions. Further probing of the wetting transition of molten metals on solid substrates can provide insight into understand wetting transitions. Based on previous research, endeavors aimed at improving wettability have focu
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