What are the drugs having potential against COVID-19?
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Medicinal Chemistry Research (2020) 29:1935–1955 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-020-02625-1
REVIEW ARTICLE
What are the drugs having potential against COVID-19? Kaan Kucukoglu1 Nagihan Faydalı1 Dilek Bul1 ●
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Received: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 28 August 2020 / Published online: 10 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A disease emerged in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China in the last month of 2019. It was pneumonia caused by a newly emerged coronavirus called COVID-19, later. Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses belong to the Betacoronavirus family and infected birds, humans, and other mammals. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak could be characterized as a global pandemic because the disease spread, and a large number of people were infected and died in many countries on different continents by virtue of this new virus. Now, intensive work is underway about the pathogenic mechanisms and epidemiological properties of COVID-19, and a great effort is made to develop effective specific therapeutic drugs, vaccines, and/or treatment strategies against these diseases. Herein, we have focused on all treatment options available against COVID-19 pneumonia in this text. Keywords COVID-19 Pandemic Drug Immunotherapy Cellular therapy Antiviral ●
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Introduction Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the family of Coronaviridae. In this family, there are four types of viruses: α-coronavirus, β-coronavirus, γ-coronavirus, δ-coronavirus (Banerjee et al. 2019; Yang and Leibowitz 2015). The CoV genome is an enveloped, positive-sense, and single-stranded RNA whose size is 26–32 kb and it has the largest genome of known RNA viruses. It is known that α- and β-CoV types cause infections in mammals as δ- and γ-CoVs infect birds (Banerjee et al. 2019; Yang and Leibowitz 2015; Schoeman and Fielding 2019). Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) belonging to β-CoVs are the most well-known aggressive strains of coronaviruses and cause viral pneumonia outbreaks, recently. SARS first appeared in China in 2002, spread and resulted in 8437 cases and 813 deaths with an 11% mortality rate according to the World Health Organization (WHO) reports (Song et al. 2019; Graham et al. 2013; Zhong et al. 2003). MERS, which emerged in Saudi
* Kaan Kucukoglu [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Arabia in 2012 firstly, caused 2206 patients in 27 countries, 1831 cases in Saudi Arabia with 787 deaths with the mortality rate of 37% between June 2012 and April 2018 (Zumla et al. 2015; Hui et al. 2018; Su et al. 2015; Nassar et al. 2018). In December 2019, some people had sickness with unknown etiology in Wuhan City where 11 million residents live, Hubei Province in China. This sickness was a kind of pneumonia and the sequence analysis revealed th
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