What We Know and Goals for Future Research
This chapter reflects the most recent updates from ACL Research Retreat V held in Greensboro, North Carolina, on March 25th–27th, 2010, a meeting involving over 75 clinicians and researchers from six countries. The consensus surrounding neuromuscular and
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Frank R. Noyes • Sue D. Barber-Westin Editors
ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete Causes, Impacts, and Conditioning Programs
Editors Frank R. Noyes, M.D. Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Research and Education Foundation Cincinnati, Ohio USA
Sue D. Barber-Westin, B.S. Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Research and Education Foundation Cincinnati, Ohio USA
ISBN 978-3-642-32591-5 ISBN 978-3-642-32592-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-32592-2 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012955470 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The dilemma of the gender disparity in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries began nearly 20 years ago when unsettling data began to appear in the American Journal of Sports Medicine from the editors’ orthopedic and sports medicine center and the National Collegiate Athletic Association: The injury rate of serious knee ligament injuries among female athletes was 5.75 times that of male athletes, a difference that proved to be statistically significant (1994) [6]. Specifically, female soccer players had an ACL injury rate at least twice as high as male players in any given year. Female basketball players had an ACL injury rate at least three times th
