What Were the Crusades?
Few attempts had been made to define 'the crusade' before the first edition of this book was published in 1977. Since then a number of historians have built on Professor Riley-Smith's conclusions. Their research has been incorporated into this second edit
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OTHER WORKS BY JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH PUBLISHED BY MACMILLAN
The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c. 1050-1310 The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom ofJerusalem, 1174-1277
What Were the Crusades? JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH
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MACMILLAN
© Jonathan Riley-Smith 1977, 1992
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1977 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire R021 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world
ISBN 978-0-333-56769-2 ISBN 978-1-349-12779-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-12779-5 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
10987654 05 04 03 02 0 I 00 99
IN MEMORIAM
JohnJames Craik Henderson, 1890-1971
The illustration on the cover, in a reference to Revelation 19 vv. 11-21, depicts Christ leading crusader knights, from an early-fourteenth-century MS. (BM Royal 19 B 15, folio 37a). Reproduced by permission of the British Library Board.
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Contents Preface Preface to Second Edition
IX IX
1 WHAT WERE THE CRUSADES? 2 AJUSTCAUSE AJust Cause for War Crusades to the Near East Crusades in Spain Crusades in North-eastern Europe Crusades against Schismatics and Heretics Crusades against Lay Powers in the West A Cause for a Crusade
3 LEG ITIMATE AUTHORITY Papal Authorisation Peace in Christendom Preaching Finance Strategy Control
4 WHO WERE THE CRUSADERS? The Vow Privileges Who Were the Crusaders? Geoffrey of Sergines The Military Orders
5 WHEN WERE THE CRUSADES? Select Bibliography of Secondary Works List of Original Sources Index
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1 9 9 13 16 17 18 20 22 28 28 37 38 42 48 49 53 53 54 63 67 73 78 81 86 92
Preface
In this book I have put down thoughts that have developed in over a decade of lecturing to and supervising students at the universities of St Andrews and Cambridge, so my first expression of thanks must be to them, especially Dr Bruce Beebe, whose unpublished thesis on King Edward I of England and the crusades is a good study of an aspect of the movement in the late thirteenth century. I am glad to have the chance of stating again how much I appreciate the wise advice of Dr R. C. Smail, my magister, who read the book in typescript, as did my wife, whose reactions as a 'general reader' have been of great value to me. I am, as always, grateful to her and to my children for providing the kind of environment in which I find it easy to work.
J. S. C. R.-S.
Cambridge
Preface to Second Edition
The first edition of this book led to quite a fierce debate on t
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