Wheel shape optimization approaches to reduce railway rolling noise
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RESEARCH PAPER
Wheel shape optimization approaches to reduce railway rolling noise 1 · J. Mart´ınez-Casas1 · F. D. Denia1 ´ 1 · J. Gutierrez-Gil ´ X. Garcia-Andres
Received: 12 October 2019 / Revised: 27 February 2020 / Accepted: 5 May 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A wheel shape optimization of a railway wheel cross section by means of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is presented with the aim of minimizing rolling noise radiation. Two different approaches have been implemented with this purpose, one centred on direct Sound poWer Level (SWL) minimization, calculated using TWINS methodology, and another one emphasizing computational efficiency, focused on natural frequencies maximization. Numerical simulations are carried out with a Finite Element Method (FEM) model using general axisymmetric elements. The design space is defined by a geometric parametrization of the wheel cross section with four parameters: wheel radius, a web thickness factor, fillet radius and web offset. For all wheel candidates, a high-cycle fatigue analysis has been performed according to actual standards, in order to assure structural feasibility. Rolling noise reductions have been achieved, with a decrease of up to 5 dB(A) when considering the wheel component. Response surfaces have been also computed to study the dependency of the objective functions on the geometric parameters and to test the adequacy of the optimization algorithm applied. Keywords Railway wheel · Geometric optimization · Genetic Algorithms · Rolling noise · Finite Element Method · TWINS · Response Surface
1 Introduction When passing through highly populated areas, the noise emitted by railway vehicles can cause severe nuisance and prejudice to nearby inhabitants. It is estimated that about 12 million people during the day and 6 million during the night are affected daily in Europe by this phenomenon (Clausen et al. 2012) and it is well known that a prolonged exposure to the levels emitted by railway vehicles is associated with major health problems, such as cardiovascular diseases and difficulties when falling asleep (WHO 2011). This makes it a necessity to adopt expensive measures to mitigate noise that limit the growth of the railway network, a problem that is increasingly relevant with the advance of climate change, the railway being the least polluting mass transport
Responsible Editor: Gengdong Cheng J. Mart´ınez-Casas
[email protected] 1
Centro de Investigaci´on en Ingenier´ıa Mec´anica, Universitat Polit`ecnica de Val`encia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
system (de Vos 2016). Among the types of noise emitted by railway vehicles, squeal, aerodynamic and rolling noise are considered as the most relevant (Thompson 2010). This work will focus on the latter, as it is predominant for the usual operating conditions of railway vehicles in urban areas. Rolling noise is generated by the vibration of the wheel and rail induced by the interaction force generated due to the irregularities present in their surfaces, the socalled combined roughness. Thus, to
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