Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis
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Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis ELISABETH CARNIEL, INGO AUTENRIETH, GUY CORNELIS, HIROSHI FUKUSHIMA, FRANCOISE GUINET, RALPH ISBERG, JEANNETTE PHAM, MICHAEL PRENTICE, MICHEL SIMONET, MIKAEL SKURNIK AND GEORGES WAUTERS
Enteropathogenic Yersinia: Introduction (Elisabeth Carniel) The genus Yersinia belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is currently composed of 11 species. Three of them are pathogenic for humans and animals: the enteropathogens Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica and the plague agent Y. pestis. This chapter deals with the two enteropathogenic species, while Y. pestis is described in the Yersinia Pestis and Bubonic Plague in this Volume.
Taxonomy Van Loghem in 1944 (Van Loghem, 1944) proposed the separation of the genus Yersinia from the genus Pasteurella, which became effective in 1974 (Mollaret and Thal, 1974). Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was first described by Malassez and Vignal in 1883 (Malassez and Vignal, 1883; Malassez and Vignal, 1884). This bacterium received numerous names (Mollaret, 1965): bacille de la tuberculose zoogléique, Bacillus pseudotuberculosis, Bacterium pseudotuberculosis rodentium, Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis, before being finally designated Y. pseudotuberculosis in 1974 (Mollaret and Thal, 1974). Yersinia enterocolitica was first described in 1939 by Schleifstein and Coleman (Schleifstein et al., 1939) who called it Bacterium enterocoliticum in 1943 (Schleifstein and Coleman, 1943). Different names were subsequently given to this organism: Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis-like, Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis type B, Pasteurella X, Pasteurella Y, Germe X, and finally Y. enterocolitica in 1964 (Frederiksen, 1964). It appeared later on that this species was heterogeneous and contained several related species designated “Y. enterocolitica-like” (Brenner et al., 1980b). Taxonomical studies allowed the separation of Y. enterocolitica sensu stricto (Bercovier et al., 1980a) from Y. enterocolitica-like species: Y. intermedia (Brenner et al., 1980a), Y. kristensenii (Bercovier et al., 1980b), Y. fredericksenii
(Ursing et al., 1980), Y. aldovae (Bercovier et al., 1984) and Y. rohdei (Aleksic et al., 1987). These widespread environmental species are usually not associated with disease. More recently, Y. mollaretii and Y. bercovieri were also separated from Y. enterocolitica (Wauters et al., 1988b). These two species formerly belonged to biogroups 3A and 3B of Y. enterocolitica, respectively. Their importance in pathogenesis is for the moment unknown, but they seem to be devoid of virulence-linked properties. Yersinia ruckeri (Ewing et al., 1978; De Grandis et al., 1988b) is an important fish pathogen responsible for the red mouth disease in rainbow trout and some other fish. However, its classification in the genus Yersinia is controversial. Like other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are Gram-negative, aero-anaerobic rods. They still have s
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