Yoga v Health Education for Attentional Processes Relevant to Major Depressive Disorder
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Yoga v Health Education for Attentional Processes Relevant to Major Depressive Disorder Jessica L. West 1
&
Geoffrey Tremont 2,3 & Ivan W. Miller 2,4
&
Lisa A. Uebelacker 2,4
Accepted: 17 July 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives Research has shown that yoga may be an effective adjunctive treatment for persistent depression, the benefits of which may accumulate over time. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the following in a sample of persistently depressed individuals: whether yoga increases mindfulness and whether yoga attenuates rumination. Rumination and mindfulness both represent attentional processes relevant for onset and maintenance of depressive episodes. Methods One-hundred-ten individuals who were persistently depressed despite ongoing use of pharmacological treatment were recruited into an RCT comparing yoga with a health education class. Mindfulness and rumination were assessed at baseline and across 3 time points during the 10-week intervention. Results Findings demonstrate that, compared to health education, yoga was associated with higher mean levels of the observe facet of mindfulness relative to the control group during the intervention period (p = 0.004, d = 0.38), and that yoga was associated with a faster rate of increase in levels of acting with awareness over the intervention period (p = 0.03, f2 = 0.027). There were no differences between intervention groups with respect to rumination. Conclusions Results suggest a small effect of yoga on components of mindfulness during a 10-week intervention period. Previous research suggests that continued assessment after the initial 10 weeks may reveal continued improvement. Future research may also examine moderators of the impact of yoga on mindfulness and rumination, including clinical factors such as depression severity or depression chronicity, or demographic factors such as age. Keywords Yoga . Depression . Persistent depression . Mindfulness . Rumination
Incomplete response to the pharmacological treatment of depression is a common problem. For example, almost 50% of participants in a large-scale trial of pharmacotherapy for depression were classified as non-responders (Corey-Lisle et al. 2004). Because of insufficient responses to initial pharmacological depression treatment, identifying effective adjunctive treatments for depression is important. A variety of adjunctive treatments for depression have been investigated, including additional pharmacological intervention and various forms of psychotherapy (e.g., Cuijpers 2017; Papadimitropoulou et al. 2017). For
* Lisa A. Uebelacker [email protected] 1
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
2
Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
3
Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI 02903, USA
4
Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, USA
example, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) demonstrated equivalent effectiveness for the treatment of de
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