Young Homicide Offenders and Victims Risk Factors, Prediction, and P
The first decade of the new century proved to be a deadly one for many children and young people in the United States. Despite increased policing on the streets, higher rates of incarceration, harsher sentencing, stricter control of illegal drugs, and att
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Rolf Loeber David P. Farrington ●
Young Homicide Offenders and Victims Risk Factors, Prediction, and Prevention from Childhood With Contributions by: Robert B. Cotter, Erin Dalton, Beth E. Ebel, Darrick Jolliffe, Frederick P. Rivara, Rebecca Stallings, and Magda Stouthamer-Loeber Forewords by Kathleen M. Heide and Irvin Waller
Rolf Loeber Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA and Free University Amsterdam The Netherlands [email protected]
David P. Farrington Cambridge University Institute of Criminology Cambridge CB3 9DA UK [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-9948-1 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-9949-8 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9949-8 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011931973 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword by Kathleen M. Heide
In 1993, US attorney Janet Reno was asked at a news conference what was the greatest single crime problem facing the USA. Without a moment’s hesitation, Ms. Reno said “youth violence” (Kantrowitz, 1993). For 10 consecutive years, arrests of young Americans, particularly juveniles, for violent crime, including homicide, had risen (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1985–1994). Calculation of the absolute and relative levels of youth involvement in arrests for murder over the period 1958–1993 underscored the seriousness of the problem. The arrest rates for 15–19 year olds recorded in 1992 and 1993 were the highest for any age group during the 36-year-period under review (Smith & Feiler, 1995). Experts, including James A. Fox, Charles Patrick Ewing, and Al Blumstein predicted that youth involvement in homicide would continue to rise as the new millennium approached because the population of youths in the USA was on the increase (Heide, 1999). Shortly after making that pronouncement, Janet Reno was a featured speaker at the American Society of Criminology conference. The large ballroom was filled to capacity. Ms. Reno thanked the audience of over 1,000 attendees for the important work that criminologists were doing. She emphasized that government needed our research to drive policy. However, she emphasized that government did not ha
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