Z-scan method to measure the nonlinear optical behavior of cells for evaluating the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy an
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Z-scan method to measure the nonlinear optical behavior of cells for evaluating the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy and hyperthermia treatments Soraya Emamgholizadeh Minaei 1 Mohammad Hosein Majles Ara 2
&
Alireza Ghader 2 & Ali Abbasian Ardakani 3,4 & Samideh Khoei 3,4 & Hamid Asgari 2 &
Received: 3 August 2019 / Accepted: 16 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The effects of new treatments must be investigated in vitro before using clinically or in vivo. The aim of this study was to introduce the Z-scan technique as a fast, accurate, inexpensive, and safe in vitro method to distinguish the cytotoxic effects of various treatments. C6 and OLN-93 cell lines were prepared and treated with Temozolomide (TMZ), radiofrequency hyperthermia (HT), and chemo-hyperthermia (HT+TMZ). The cytotoxic effects of different treatments on both cell lines were evaluated using colony formation assay and Z-scan method. The results of colony assay showed that the surviving fraction (SF) of C6 cells treated with TMZ, HT, and HT + TMZ were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Whereas, hyperthermia treatment had no significant effect on the SF of OLN-93 cells. The results of Z-scan technique indicated that the control group of C6 cells had the negative nonlinear refractive index (n2). Whereas, the C6 cells treated with HT, TMZ, and HT + TMZ had the positive n2 index. The sign of n2 index in the control and HT groups of OLN-93 cells was positive but treatment of cells with TMZ and HT + TMZ changed the sign of it. Moreover, with increasing the cytotoxic effects of different treatments, the SF value of both cell lines decreased and the magnitude of n2 index increased. The results of Z-scan technique were completely in line with the results of colony assay. Therefore, Z-scan method could distinguish the cytotoxic effects of various treatments by examining the nonlinear optical properties of the samples. Keywords Z-scan technique . Nonlinear optical behavior . Nonlinear refractive index . Temozolomide . Radiofrequency hyperthermia
Introduction * Soraya Emamgholizadeh Minaei [email protected]; [email protected] * Samideh Khoei [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Medical Physics and Imaging, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, P. O.Box: 5756115198, Urmia, Iran
2
Department of Physics, Biophotonics Lab, Applied Science Research Center (ASRC), Kharazmi University, Karaj, Iran
3
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P. O.Box: 1449614525, Tehran, Iran
4
Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Chemotherapy treatment includes the use of low-molecularweight anticancer drugs to selectively destroy cancer cells. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapeutic drug that is currently used in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cancer cells [1]. TMZ is a methylating agent of the imidazotetrazine c
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