Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Induces Apoptosis in Human Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells Through Reactive Oxygen Species and DNA De
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Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Induces Apoptosis in Human Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells Through Reactive Oxygen Species and DNA Degradation Mohd Jahir Khan 1
&
Abrar Ahmad 2 & Mahmood Ahmad Khan 3 & Sahabjada Siddiqui 4
Received: 11 March 2020 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are used immensely in technology and medicine, but very less is known about toxicity mechanism to human epidermal cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible anticancer properties of ZnO-NPs on human epidermoid carcinoma cells using MTT assay, measurement of reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation, and nuclear condensation. ZnO-NPs were synthesized by sol-gel method using zinc acetate dihydrate, ethylene glycol, and 2-propyl alcohol. Numerous characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy were used to confirm synthesis, purity, optical, and surface characteristics, size, shape, and distribution of ZnO-NPs. Our finding showed that ZnO-NPs considerably decreased cell viability of human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells with a parallel increase in nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, real time PCR expression study showed that treatment of human epidermoid carcinoma cells with ZnO-NPs trigger increased expression of tumor suppressor gene p53, bax, and caspase-3 while downregulate antiapoptotic gene bcl-2. Thus ZnO-NPs induce apoptosis in A431 cells through DNA degradation and generation of reactive oxygen species via p53, bax/ bcl-2, and caspase pathways. Keywords Cytotoxicity . Zinc oxide nanoparticles . DNA degradation . Reactive oxygen species
Introduction Nanotechnology offers a great concern with materials whose structure showing novel physical, chemical, and biological properties. This branch of science deals with the materials of nanometer scale. The application of nanomaterial has increased in several areas including medicine, energy,
* Mohd Jahir Khan [email protected] * Abrar Ahmad [email protected] 1
School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
2
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
4
Department of Biotechnology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow 226003, India
environment, electronics, and industries; therefore, commercial manufacturing of nanomaterial has undergone significant expansion worldwide [1–4]. Nanomaterials with controlled physicochemical properties are prepared using precise engineering [5]. They are diverse in shapes and sizes including nanorods [6], nanoparticles [7, 8], nanotubes [9], nanowires [10, 11] and nanofibers [12, 13] and are exploited in several areas because of high surface-to-volume ratio
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