Zinc oxide nanorod array as an inhibitory biointerface
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Research Letter
Zinc oxide nanorod array as an inhibitory biointerface Yongchen Wang, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA Jordan D. Prox, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA Bingxi Yan, and Yu Wu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA Aaron D. Argall, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA Liang Guo, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA Address all correspondence to Liang Guo at [email protected] (Received 30 May 2018; accepted 28 August 2018)
Abstract One-dimensional zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructure arrays show unique semiconducting, piezoelectric, and wetting properties, and how they interact with cells is critical for their biomedical applications. In this work, we prepare ZnO nanorod arrays (ZnO NRAs) and study their interactions with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes either as a substrate or patch. We ο¬nd that ZnO NRAs can (1) inhibit cell adhesion and spreading as a substrate and (2) selectively kill underneath cells as a patch. We further identify surface nanomorphology as the dominant factor responsible for the inhibitory effect. These discoveries suggest potential application of ZnO NRAs as a cell inhibitory biointerface.
Introduction Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials exhibit unique semiconducting, piezoelectric, and surface wetting properties, and they have been widely studied for sensors, transistors, optoelectronics, generators, consumer goods, etc.[1β3] They have also been investigated for biomedical applications, such as selective cancer cell destruction, drug delivery, and antibiotics.[4,5] Compared to dispersed nanomaterials, arrays of onedimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanorods, and nanobelts, present unique surface topography and large surface area, enable high outputs, and are retrievable,[6] so they are of particular interest for biomedical applications. For their biomedical applications, it is crucial to scrutinize how they interact with cells. 1D ZnO nanostructure arrays showed good biocompatibility. Cells showed good adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and viability when interacting with 1D ZnO nanostructure arrays.[7β12] However, 1D ZnO nanostructure arrays also induced inhibitory effects on cells, decreasing cell adhesion and viability and inhibiting differentiation.[8,9,12β15] Thus, it is critical to fully understand the mechanism so that we can modulate cellular responses in a controlled manner. The biological effects of 1D ZnO nanostructure arrays can depend on many factors. First, the nanomorphology matters. ZnO nanorod arrays (ZnO NRAs) can have different diameters, spacings, lengths, densities, shapes, and alignments, and all can impact cellular responses. Second, it depends on cell type. For example, cell lines respond differently
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