10 Amino Acids and Brain Volume Regulation: Contribution and Mechanisms
Cell volume is continuously compromised by the generation of local and transient osmotic microgradients associated with uptake of nutrients, secretion, cytoskeletal remodeling and transynaptic ionic gradients. It is also disturbed in pathological conditio
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Amino Acids and Brain Volume Regulation: Contribution and Mechanisms
H. Pasantes‐Morales
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Hyposmotic Swelling and Regulatory Volume Decrease: Amino Acid Contribution . . . . . . . . . 227 Amino Acid Levels in Brain During Volume Adjustment to Hyposmolarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 The Mechanism of Regulatory Volume Decrease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 The Amino Acid Efflux Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 The Osmotransduction Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Hyposmolarity‐Induced Release of Amino Acids from Nerve Endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Volume Regulation After Gradual Decreases in Osmolarity: The Relevance of Amino Acids . 233 Taurine as an Osmotransmitter of Neurohormone Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
3 3.1
Isosmotic Swelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Amino Acids and Isosmotic Swelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2
Brain Cell Volume Decrease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Mechanism of the Compensatory Increase in Amino Acid Levels During Hypernatremia . . . . 239 Hypertonicity and Osmolyte Transporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Hypertonicity and Osmolyte Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
5 5.1 5.2
Proliferation, Apoptosis and Cell Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Proliferation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Apoptosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007
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Amino acids and brain volume regulation: Contribution and mechanisms
Abstract: Cell volume is continuously compromised by the generation of local and transient osmotic microgradients associated with
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