D-Amino Acids Physiology, Metabolism, and Application
This book presents a comprehensive overview of the roles of ᴅ-amino acids and latest research findings, to reveal their fascinating aspects and to facilitate better understanding of their important roles in physiology and diseases. It also provides useful
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mino
Acids
Physiology, Metabolism, and Application
D-Amino
Acids
ThiS is a FM Blank Page
Tohru Yoshimura • Toru Nishikawa • Hiroshi Homma Editors
D-Amino
Acids
Physiology, Metabolism, and Application
Editors Tohru Yoshimura Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
Toru Nishikawa Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
Hiroshi Homma Laboratory of Biomolecular Science Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Kitasato University Tokyo Japan
ISBN 978-4-431-56075-3 ISBN 978-4-431-56077-7 DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-56077-7
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947710 © Springer Japan 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Japan KK
Preface
D-Amino acids were once called unnatural amino acids and were considered to be insignificant for eukaryotes especially in mammals. D-Amino acids had been known to have only a few roles, for example, as components of the peptidoglycan layers of bacterial cell walls and as antibiotics. However, in the 1990s, D-serine was found to serve as a co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in mammalian brains and to be involved in various brain functions. These findings encouraged further studies on D-amino acids. Currently, they have been revealed to bear important physiological roles. For example, D-serine is implicated in memory formation and learning, and its abnormal concentration in tissues has been reported in various neurological diseases such as schizophrenia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. D-Aspartate is found in various mammalian tissues, particularly in the central nervous system and the genitals. D-Aspartate facilitates the endocrine secretion of prolactin, inhibits the secretion of melatonin, a
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