2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) photodegradation on WO 3 -TiO 2 -SBA-15 nanostructured composite
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) photodegradation on WO3-TiO2-SBA-15 nanostructured composite Laíse M. Carvalho 1 & Antônio F. Soares-Filho 1 & Maciel S. Lima 2 & João F. Cruz-Filho 2 & Taisa C. M. Dantas 1 & Geraldo E. Luz Jr 1,2 Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A current environmental problem is the uncontrolled use of various pesticides that are harmful to the environment and public health. The herbicide 2,4-D is widely used, making it a vector of contamination for aquatic bodies, air, soil, and biomass. In recent decades, researchers have studied remediation of this compound in the environment. In this work, WO3 and TiO2 were supported on SBA-15 molecular sieve by the in situ anchoring (ISA) method, with different molar percentages of WO3 in relation to the oxide content: X = 25%, 50%, and 75%. The W-Ti-S (X) samples were characterized by XDR, XRF, Raman, FTIR, diffuse reflectance of UV-vis, and adsorption and desorption of N2. SBA-15 mesoporous structure was not destroyed even after the incorporation of the oxides. XRD analyses associated with Raman result found a predominance of the anatase phase for titanium oxide, and the FRX showed low incorporation of nanoparticles. Photocatalytic tests indicated that the catalytic activity depends on WO3 and TiO2 content, although all W-Ti-S (X) samples exhibited similar TOF value. The W-Ti-S (25) sample had the highest photocatalytic activity, 76% herbicide photodegradation under ultraviolet irradiation, at 270 min. The analysis of the catalytic cycles indicated that W-Ti-S (25) keeps out 70% of photocatalytic activity in the fourth catalytic cycle. In addition, the W-Ti-S (25) catalytic activity under direct sunlight irradiation was similar to that under artificial UV irradiation. Keywords Herbicide . 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic . Photocatalysts . SBA-15 . AOP
Introduction Agrochemicals are import for agricultural production, and their use continues to grow (Gomiero 2018). However, this increase has consequences both for the environment and for the population, because intensive use of these products can contaminate aquatic ecosystems and soils (Stehle and Schulz 2015; Gomiero 2016; Souza et al. 2020). Among the known agricultural pesticides, herbicides are the most commonly employed to kill or suppress broadleaf weeds that can cause production losses (Burke and Bell 2014; Meftaul et al. 2020).
Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi * Geraldo E. Luz, Jr [email protected] 1
PPGQ- DQ, Universidade Federal do Piauí–UFPI, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil
2
PPGQ-GERATEC-DQ-Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Rua: João Cabral, N. 2231, Teresina, PI 64002-150, Brazil
In recent times, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has become the most commonly herbicide used, as it presents good selectivity toward weeds and is low cost (Islam et al. 2018; Zuanazzi et al. 2020). However, 2,4-D is an aromatic organochlorine acid with long persistence in aquatic bodies or in soi
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