Nanocrystalline NiWO 4 -WO 3 -WO 2.9 Composite Strings: Fabrication, Characterization and their Electrocatalytic Perform
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In an effort to address the growing global energy demands, the quest for efficient electrocatalysts still continues, with new materials being investigated for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).[2–6] Hydrogen is a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to the numerous advantages it offers such as being pollution-free and sustainable.[7] Moreover, hydrogen production through water electrolysis has attracted much interest as hydrogen can be produced in high purity and large quantities.[8] At the same time, the generated gases from water electrolysis have proved useful in other applications such as self-cleaning membranes.[9–11]
SHAHEEN FATIMA ANIS and RAED HASHAIKEH are with the Engineering Division, NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Contact e-mail: [email protected] AHMAD O. MOSTAFA is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tafila Technical University, Tafila 66110, Jordan. NIDAL HILAL is with the Engineering Division, NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi and also with the Centre for Water Advanced Technologies and Environmental Research (CWATER), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K. Manuscript submitted 18 August, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
Several metal oxide electrocatalysts have been put forward for HER including NiO,[12] WO3,[13] ZnO[14] and MoO.[15] Nevertheless, the methods of producing catalytic fibers, nanorods, nanowires, or string-like structures are gaining importance in recent literature studies.[16] Among these methods, electrospinning has stood out to be a versatile, flexible, and cost effective method for metal oxide fibrous production. In electrospinning, a syringe is filled with the desired solution. The needle of the syringe is connected to a collector via high voltage. The electrical charge draws very fine fibers from the needle tip, which gets accumulated on the collector.[17,18] Fabrication of metal oxide fiber like structures through the electrospinning method has attracted much interest, where it is being studied in various applications such as WO3 fibers for gas sensing,[19] NiO nanorods[20] and TiNb2O7 strings[21] for batteries, TiO2 fibers for hydrogenation[22] and ZnO nanofibers for photocatalysis.[23] However, the research on fibrous electrocatalysts is still an emerging area with only few studies reported on the fabrication, characterization and application on electrocatalyst fibers for HER. Recently, Wang et al.[24] reported low Tafel slopes of about 34 mV/dec for CoSe2 nanowires grown on carbon fiber paper. Chekin et al.[25] reported enhanced electrocatalytic activity of WO3 nanorods when used in conjunction with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A current density of 3.8 mA/cm2 was reported as compared to
commercial WO3 particles registering a current density of 0.8 mA/cm2 at a potential of 0.8 V. They also observed a low Tafel slope of 104 mV/dec for WO3 nanorods compared to 130 mV/dec for WO3 particles. The use of CNTs along with the electrocatal
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