3D Printing Fumarate Based Polymers
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3D Printing Fumarate Based Polymers Kirsten N. Cicotte1,2, Elizabeth L. Hedberg-Dirk2,3 and Shawn M. Dirk1 1 Organic Materials Department, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA. 2 Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. 3 Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
ABSTRACT Recently, an inexpensive 3D lithography technique was developed by Professor Nicholas Fang at the University of Illinois where a projector is used in combination with a Microsoft® PowerPoint presentation to expose the liquid negative-tone photoresist 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate in a layer-by-layer fashion. Where Professor Fang initially used this method as a teaching tool, we have used the inexpensive 3D printing technique to create 3D structures of fumarate based polymers. This class of polymers are liquids at room temperature which makes them ideal for the projector based lithography technique when used in combination with the photoinitiator bisphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (BAPO). Furthermore, the fumarate based materials are biocompatible and are suitable candidates for tissue engineering applications. INTRODUCTION Various techniques have been utilized to created 3D structures of fumarate based polymers, including salt/porogen leaching1-3, freeze-drying4, electrospinning5 and multiple stereolithography techniques.6 Stereolithography, first termed by Hull in 19867, is a general term used to describe printing of layers successively in order to render a three dimensional polymer structure. Many common terms used to describe this process have been coined, including 3D printing. A form of 3D printing with the ability to rapidly make micron sized features from photo-curable polymers that has recently been identified is projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL).8 This technique uses the available UV light from a commercial LCD or DLP projector9 to activate a highly effective photoinitiator. The printing can be repeated repeatedly when combined with a z-stage to create 3D structures. The technique was demonstrated initially using the photoinitiator phenylbis(2,4,6trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (BAPO) and the crosslinkable monomer 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate. The UV exposure initiates a photochemical polymerization reaction which polymerizes the difunctional monomer. PμSL is a versatile technique, affording one the ability to create a variety of different structures by slicing an image and creating PowerPoint black and white images, where black represents the mask and white represents the exposed region. Fumarate-based polymers such as poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) are being investigated in tissue engineering applications. These materials are particularly well suited for orthopedic applications due to the polymers’ biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. Our laboratory has recently synthesized a variety of different fumarate-based polymers, including
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poly(butylene fumarate)
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