3D printing of biomaterials
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Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known variously as additive manufacturing (AM), layered manufacturing, rapid prototyping (RP), or solid freeform fabrication, represents the direct fabrication of parts layer-by-layer, guided by digital information from a computer-aided design (CAD) file without any part-specific tooling. In 3D printing, CAD models of parts to be manufactured are first sliced in a virtual environment to create a stack of two-dimensional (2D) slices. A 3D printing machine then builds the parts one layer at a time based on the 2D slice information, stacking and joining successive layers to make the final 3D object. Just as the internet has given us the ability to access information and connect with people from different parts of the world, CAD has provided us the ability to create, modify, and, if needed, critique, designs in a virtual world. With the advent of 3D printing, such virtual designs can now be rendered into physical 3D objects that can serve as prototypes or be directly used as functional parts for a variety of applications. The origins of contemporary 3D printing can be traced back to the 1980s when Hull invented stereolithography (SLA), the first 3D printing technology.1 SLA is a process
in which an ultraviolet (UV) laser light source is focused onto the surface of a UV-curable liquid monomer bath and scanned in patterns representing slice cross-sections. The scanned monomers undergo photo-induced cross-linking and harden to form the desired 2D cross-sections, while the uncured monomers remain in the bath. Hull was also the first to find a way to allow a CAD file to communicate with the RP system in order to build computer-modeled parts. Hull’s patent was approved in 1986, making it the first patent for a 3D printer. The company 3D Systems, founded by Hull, focused on commercializing SLA systems, which were the first commercial 3D printers.2 Fast forward to 2014, when the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration launched the first 3D printing machine to the International Space Station to directly build parts in space under zero gravity.3 This is also the year when researchers from Oak Ridge National Laboratory built a complete car body using a 3D printing technique known as big area additive manufacturing and partnered with Local Motors to commission and drive a functional car at the International Manufacturing Technology Show.4 Threedimensional printing-based agile manufacturing technologies
Amit Bandyopadhyay, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, USA; [email protected] Susmita Bose, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, USA; [email protected] Suman Das, Direct Digital Manufacturing Laboratory, Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA; [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2015.3
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MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 40 • FEBRUARY 2015 • www.mrs.org/bulletin
© 2015 Materials Research Society
3D PRINTING OF BIOMATERIALS
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