Three-dimensional printing of biomaterials and soft materials
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Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing, which is also known as additive manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication, or rapid prototyping, is a layer-by-layer fabrication method for creating structures directly from computer-aided design (CAD) files. In 3D printing techniques, a 3D CAD model is first converted into a standard tessellation language (.STL) file format and then sliced in a virtual environment to create stacked two-dimensional (2D) sections along the height. A 3D printer builds each 2D layer based on the slice-file information, starting from the base and continuing to build layer-by-layer on top of previously built layers until the final product is printed. Three-dimensional printing first emerged in 1986 through a stereolithography (SLA) technique devised by Hull.1 In 1991, Stratasys2 and Helisys3 commercially introduced fused deposition modeling (FDM) and laminated object manufacturing, respectively. Later, in 1992, DTM Corporation introduced a selective laser sintering (SLS) machine.4 Sachs et al. invented inkjet 3D printing on a powder bed and patented this method in 1993.5 Over the past 25 years, 3D printing has seen several commercial implementations, but the FDM-based concept still leads the world in terms of purchased machines, broader utilization, and applications. Some other techniques have recently found commercial success for the fabrication of soft materials, such as multijet fusion by HP and large-area
maskless photopolymerization (LAMP) by DDM Systems (Atlanta, Ga). Three-dimensional printing of biomaterials has become an area of intense research (see the February 2015 issue of the MRS Bulletin devoted to this topic). It offers the chance to fabricate parts with complex geometries for flexible biomedical devices tailored to a patient’s specific needs while avoiding multistep processing approaches. Over the past two decades, the use of 3D-printed biomaterials for tissue-engineering (TE) applications has offered significant advantages by employing a large variety of materials for the printing of one-of-a-kind structures. Also, incorporation of living cells during processing adds another advantage over other scaffold fabrication approaches.
3D printing technologies for biomaterials and soft materials This section summarizes some of the key 3D printing technologies and their applications in biomaterials and soft materials (see Table I).6–28
Stereolithography SLA, the first commercially available 3D printing process, involves selective laser curing of photopolymers based on the slice-file information from a CAD model.29 In exposed areas,
Amit Bandyopadhyay, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, USA; [email protected] Sahar Vahabzadeh, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, USA; [email protected] Anish Shivaram, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, USA; [email protected] Susmita Bose, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, USA; sbose
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