3D printing of polymeric tissue engineering scaffolds using open-source fused deposition modeling
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REVIEW
3D printing of polymeric tissue engineering scaffolds using open-source fused deposition modeling Ayse Selcen Alagoz 1 & Vasif Hasirci 1,2 Received: 20 May 2019 / Accepted: 23 August 2019 # Qatar University and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Abstract Open-source printing is a field where the cost of printing additive manufacturing products is cheaper due to more economical software and parts to construct a product including those of tissue engineering scaffolds. In this manuscript, fused deposition modeling (FDM) is used as the main avenue of open-source use in 3D printing of tissue engineering scaffolds. Additive manufacturing enables the researchers to build 3D products with interior and exterior architectures precisely defined and produced using open-access software which dictates the printer to print the models or the data obtained by various imaging techniques. In this way, implants to suit the dimensions and the mechanical and physicochemical properties needed for an artificial extracellular matrix can be produced. The main limitations are the limited number of printing materials and their unknown compositions which make their biocompatibility an issue. With the recent developments of in-house filament production, this limitation is also being overcome. Keywords Open-source 3D printing . Fused deposition modeling (FDM) . Tissue engineering . Polymeric filament . Scaffold
1 Introduction The aim of tissue engineering is to prepare substitutes for lost organs or repair tissue damage caused by diseases, injuries, aging, and trauma [1]. It uses three main constituents which are cells, scaffolds, and bioactive agents. The function of the scaffolds is to provide cells with a surface for attachment and growth (proliferation) and also to guide the newly forming tissue to mimic the form of the defect to accelerate the rate of healing; in other words, the scaffold essentially serves as a temporary extracellular matrix (ECM) [2]. One of the main challenges in scaffold fabrication is meeting the specific physical requirements of each native tissue such as morphology, as well as chemistry and mechanical properties. Scaffolds with appropriate porosity and interconnectivity play
* Vasif Hasirci [email protected] 1
BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey
2
School of Engineering, Department of Medical Engineering, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
an important role for tissue engineering in order to achieve cell migration, nutrient and metabolite transfer, and vascularization [3]. Although various conventional processing techniques including solvent casting, particulate leaching, electrospinning, lyophilization (freeze-drying), wet spinning, and gas foaming are used to produce scaffolds, morphological properties (pore size, pore interconnectivity, pore shape, porosity) and geometry of the scaffolds cannot be precisely controlled [4]. Rapid prototyping, a new method for biomaterials and
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