Microfabricated 3D Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications
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MICROFABRICATED 3D SCAFFOLDS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
Alvaro Mata, Aaron J. Fleischman, Shuvo Roy Department of Biomedical Engineering Lerner Research Institute The Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, U.S.A
ABSTRACT Microfabrication and soft lithographic techniques are combined to develop threedimensional (3D) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) scaffolds comprising multiple levels of meandering pore geometry textured with 10 µm posts. Both micro-architecture and surface micro-textures have been shown to selectively stimulate cell and tissue behavior. To achieve a 3D scaffold with precise micro-architecture and surface micro-textures, 100 µm thick PDMS films were manufactured using a stacking technique to realize a 66% porous 3D structure with 200 x 400 µm horizontal through holes, 300 µm diameter vertical through holes and 71% surface coverage with 10 µm diameter and 10 µm high posts. Each PDMS porous film level was manufactured by the dual-sided molding of uncured PDMS between a three level SU-8 photoresist mold (of 200, 10, and 100 µm thick features) and a PDMS mold with 10 µm deep micro-textures. Dual-sided molding was achieved using a custom motion control mechanical jig that allowed relative mold alignment to within ~ ±10 µm. INTRODUCTION Traditional fabrication techniques to produce three dimensional (3D) scaffolds for tissue engineering applications such as phase separation, fiber bonding, solvent casting and particulate leaching, freeze drying, and melt molding can provide highly porous scaffolds, but have limited reproducibility and control of the micro-architecture (pore size, geometry, and distribution).1,2 These limitations are important because specific micro- and macro-scale features within a 3D scaffold have a significant effect on multicellular structures that are required for complex tissue function.2 New scaffold fabrication techniques such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), 3-D printing (3-DP), and micro-stereolithography provide higher reproducibility and more precise control of the scaffold micro-architecture.2,3 However, these techniques have limited control of the scaffold surface micro-texture, which has been demonstrated to affect a number of cell types and behaviors.4 In addition to a controlled microarchitecture, a precise, controlled, and reproducible surface micro-texture may provide the scaffold with an even higher degree of stimulation for tissue genesis. The current study concentrates on the use of microfabrication and soft lithographic techniques to develop a 3D scaffold prototype with precise micro-architecture (architecture of the 3D structure) and surface micro-textures (surface topography) that could selectively stimulate cell and tissue regeneration. In addition, the manufacturing technique used in this study will facilitate and improve the development of 3D structures for other applications such as microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip devices, and artificial organs.
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EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS Mold
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