8 Degradation and Modification of Plant Biomass by Fungi
Plant biomass degradation is of major importance for many fungi as this is one of the most abundant and renewable carbon sources on Earth. With a global push toward a bio-based economy using plant biomass conversion, research in this area has obtained eno
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Degradation and Modification of Plant Biomass by Fungi
MIIA R. MA¨KELA¨1, KRISTIINA S. HILDE´N1, RONALD P. DE VRIES2
CONTENTS I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 A. Plant Biomass Composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 B. Cellulose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 C. Hemicelluloses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 1. Xylan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 2. Xyloglucan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 3. Galactomannan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 D. Pectin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 1. Homogalacturonan and Xylogalacturonan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 2. Rhamnogalacturonan I and II . . . . . . . . . 178 E. Lignin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 II. Plant-Biomass-Modifying Enzymes of Ascomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 A. Current Status of Ascomycete Genomes 181 B. Comparison of Saprobic and Human and Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Yeasts . . . . . . 183 C. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Studies into Plant Biomass Degradation by Ascomycete Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 D. Regulation of Plant Biomass-Related Genes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 III. Plant-Biomass-Modifying Enzymes of Basidiomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 A. Current Status of Basidiomycete Genomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 B. Basidiomycete Enzymes Involved in Lignin Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 1. Class II Heme Peroxidases . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 2. Multicopper Oxidases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 3. H2O2-Generating Oxidoreductases . . . . 191 4. P450 Monooxygenases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 5. Cellulose-Oxidizing Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . 193 6. Oxalate-Catabolizing Enzymes . . . . . . . . 193 C. Comparison of White-Rot and Brown-Rot Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 1
Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands; e-mail: r.devries@cbs. knaw.nl
D. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of Plant Biomass-Degrading Basidiomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 IV. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
I. Introduction Degradation of plant biomass has become one of the focal points of the bio-based econ
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