A Breakthrough on Cancer Therapy by Inhibition of Negative Immune Regulation: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018
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A Breakthrough on Cancer Therapy by Inhibition of Negative Immune Regulation: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 Karuna Soren1 • Ashutosh Kabiraj1 • Prittam Goswami2 • Aparna Banerjee3 Rajib Bandopadhyay1
•
The National Academy of Sciences, India 2020
Abstract James P. Allison from the MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, and Tasuku Honjo from Kyoto university were jointly awarded the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine 2018. Their therapeutic research is on the inhibition of CTLA-4 and PD-1, two proteins which act as a blockade and prevent the immune system from attacking tumor cells. Keywords Cancer therapy Negative immune regulation Nobel Prize Physiology/medicine
Cancer was first recognized in 1600 BC ago. WHO reports say that cancer is the second leading deadliest disease and is responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. The total annual economic cost of cancer in 2010 was estimated approximately US$ 1.16 trillion (http://www. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer, Accessed on 04.12.2018). Many cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy and the immunotherapy have been used to eliminate aggressive cancers. Cancer immune therapy is a revolutionized invention and is preferred as the first opinion treatment for
& Rajib Bandopadhyay [email protected] 1
UGC-Center of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104, India
2
Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, Midnapore, India
3
Centro de investigacio´n de estudios avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectorı´a de Investigacio´n y Postgrado, Universidad Cato´lica del Maule, Talca, Chile
some cases of metastatic melanoma. Two scientists James Patrick Allison from USA and Tasuku Honjo from Japan on October 1, 2018, received Nobel Prize on ‘‘The discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation’’ (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine /2018/summary/, Accessed on 04.12.2018). Allison and Honjo developed a new type of drug, i.e., monoclonal antibodies that block the regulatory pathways controlled by CTLA-4 and PD-1 proteins. These ‘‘immune checkpoint inhibitors’’ are named as nivolumab and ipilimumab discovered by Allison and Honjo, respectively. James Patrick Allison was born on August 7, 1948, in Alice, Texas. He was an immunologist in MD Anderson Cancer Center at the University of Texas. In 1996, Allison has been the first to show that antibody defend of a T cell inhibitory molecule (known as CTLA-4) could lead to enhance anti-tumor immune responses and tumor rejection. In 1997, Allison and his colleagues engineered an antibody that could bind with CTLA-4 and prevent them from blocking the T cell activity, thus unleashing T cell to attack cancer cells in mice (Fig. 1a). This work ultimately leads to the clinical development ‘‘ipilimumab,’’ a monoclonal antibody, and is approved in 2011 by the FDA for the treatment of metas
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