A Brief Overview of the Rice Pests and Their Natural Enemies in Some Rice-Growing Asian Countries
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LANT PROTECTION
A Brief Overview of the Rice Pests and Their Natural Enemies in Some Rice-Growing Asian Countries M. M. Ardestania, b, * a
Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-12801 Czech Republic Institute of Soil Biology and SoWa Research Infrastructure, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice CZ-37005, Czech Republic *e-mail: [email protected]
b
Received September 16, 2019
Abstract—The aim of the present study was to provide a brief summary of the rice pests and their natural enemies in some major rice-growing countries in Asia. Rice is a major crop in Asia that is infested by a broad array of pests. The results of this study showed that lepidopteran species were the main rice pests in these Asian countries, but hemipteran and homopteran species were also problematic. Biological control is known as a valuable tool in rice pest management without harmful environmental impacts. Our results showed that the majority of rice pest predators were from Hemiptera and Arachnidae and the main parasitoids were hymenopterans that attacked various life stages of their hosts. This study emphasizes the conservation of native natural enemies and the ecological needs of predators and parasitoids in each region. An integrated approach with the basis of biological control is advocated for the management of pests in rice paddies. Keywords: Asia, Biological Control, Parasitoid, Pest Management, Predator, Rice Fields DOI: 10.3103/S1068367420040035
INTRODUCTION
bution provides information for the rice pest management programs.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important grain crop grown in many parts of Asia. Rice is produced in at least 95 countries worldwide, on a total area estimated to be around 160 million hectares and over 700 million tons with the highest production in China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Vietnam [1]. Rice is one of the most consumable cereal foods in the world and a common diet of most world countries [2]. Rice grows under diverse water regimes; it can be an upland crop where there is no standing water and rain is the only source of moisture, or a lowland crop under conditions in which water is derived either from rain or irrigation systems into rice fields (paddies). In Asia, 80% of rice lands are irrigated [3], striking contrast to Africa and Latin America, where upland rice constitutes 60–75% of rice lands [4]. Rice varieties with high yielding and short maturing contribute to high yield and double cropping per year. These varieties need to be protected by pesticides and required high input of fertilizers. Therefore, production of high-yield varieties is too costly [5]. With around 90 million tons, India has the second rank after China in rice production [6]. The aim of this study was to summarize main rice pests in some major rice-growing Asian countries and highlight important biological control agents, parasitoid and predator species, in the same region. This contri-
RICE INSECT PESTS Many factors decrease rice yield. The ter
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