A Combined System of Paper Device and Portable Spectrometer for the Detection of Pesticide Residues
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A Combined System of Paper Device and Portable Spectrometer for the Detection of Pesticide Residues Muna Fuyal 1 & Basant Giri 1 Received: 16 January 2020 / Accepted: 10 May 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Pesticide residues are detected in food items globally at levels that may cause health problems. Paper-based analytical devices have emerged as an alternative low-cost and field-based tools for determining target analytes including the pesticide residues. However, the paper devices with colorimetric detection system are limited by lower sensitivity due to their inability to record wavelength specific signal from the assays when image analysis detection method is used. In this paper, we report a low-cost analytical method that combines paper-analytical platform with a do-it-yourself desktop spectrometer to determine pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits. The pesticide determination method utilizes acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition assay on paper platform for signal generation. The signal of the assay was then measured using a spectrometer made from locally available components. The enzyme reaction parameters were optimized using multivariate optimization methodology to obtain better assay signal. The average repeatability of the assay method was 5.7% RSD. The combined method responded to the concentration of dichlorvos pesticide with a linear range from 0.01 to 0.25 mg/kg and detection limit of 0.023 mg/kg using only 4 μL of reagents and sample. As the enzyme inhibition assay used in this work is not able to discriminate individual pesticides, it can be used as a low-cost method for initial screening of pesticide residues in food samples in field settings. Keywords Dichlorvos . Enzyme inhibition assay . Food safety . Low-cost technology
Introduction Widespread use of pesticide in agriculture is known to cause severe environmental and health problems (Tomlin 2009). Pesticide residues have been measured in food products including vegetables, grains, oils, and fruits. Such residues have been reported from a number of countries including the USA, Southeast Asian countries (Skretteberg et al. 2015), China, Turkey (Bakırcı et al. 2014), India (Yadav et al. 2015), and Nepal (Bhandari et al. 2019). Organophosphate and carbamate are the most commonly used insecticides for their less persistence in environment in comparison with the organochlorides. These two groups of insecticides inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The inhibition of AChE Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01770-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Basant Giri [email protected] 1
Center for Analytical Sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, PO BOX 23002, Kathmandu, Nepal
enzyme causes accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central nervous system, which interferes with muscular responses and causes respiratory and myocardial malfuncti
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